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A large percentage of commercial vehicles transport freight on our interstate highway system. These vehicles spend the vast majority of their duty cycle at high speed maintaining a lane. As steering is integrated into ADAS, objective performance measures of this most common mode of commercial vehicle operation will be required. Unfortunately in the past this predominant portion of the commercial vehicle duty cycle was overlooked in evaluating vehicle handling. This lanekeeping mode of operation is also an important, although less significant portion of the light vehicle duty cycle. Historically on-center handling was compromised to achieve acceptable low speed efforts. With the advent of advanced active steering systems, this compromise can be relaxed. Objective measures of lanekeeping are developed and performance of various advanced steering systems is quantified in this important operating mode.

Today's hydraulic steering systems suffer from poor efficiency due to their use of throttling valves to build pressure inside the steering gear. In this work, we propose a novel way to build and control pressure by controlling the flow from the pump and without throttling. As a result, such a system will be more energy efficient. Moreover, the ability to control pressure inside a steering gear, and thus assistance torque, allows the steering system to become an active closed-loop system rather than a passive open-loop system. Specifically, by controlling pressure, one can closely control the hand wheel torque the operator feels. Consequently, the new pressure control concept has the potential to not only significantly improve the efficiency of steering systems, but also offers the numerous benefits of torque overlay without the use of an electric motor.

With the expectation that means of redundant steering will be necessary for highly autonomous vehicles, different methods of providing redundant steering can be considered. One potential for redundancy is to steer the rear axle for directional control of the vehicle in the event of a failure in the primary steered front axle. This paper will characterize the dynamics of directional control of a three-axle vehicle when steered at the rear, and compare it to a conventionally steered three-axle vehicle. Several compensators are suggested that allow similar vehicle dynamic behavior when steering the rear axle as a driver would expect when steering the front, giving hope that a steerable rear axle can provide acceptable redundancy for a failed primary steering system on the front axle.

The classic two-degree-of-freedom yaw-plane or “bicycle” vehicle model is augmented with two additional states to describe lane-keeping behavior, and further augmented with an additional control input to steer the rear axle. A simple driver model is hypothesized where the driver closes a loop on a projected lateral lane position. A rear axle steer control law is found to be a function of front axle steering input and vehicle speed that exhibits high speed stability and improved low speed maneuverability. The theoretically derived control law bears similarity to practical embodiments allowing a deeper understanding of the functional value of steering a rear axle.

Hydraulic power steering systems traditionally are sized in a straightforward manner with easily verifiable results. The source of power in conventional systems is an engine driven pump that is effectively a source of hydraulic flow. As energy consumption of auxiliary functions becomes significant, on-demand power sources are considered. Best typified by hydraulic pumps driven by electric motors, these on-demand sources are often power limited, and established sizing practices should be re-visited.

Synthetic torque feedback (artificial feel) is valued in the market for enhancing steering performance as perceived by the driver. The possibility of using this same hardware, with minimal control modifications, to aid the driver in responding to tire failures, is discussed.

A computer controlled steering system providing an artificial feel or synthetic torque feedback to the driver has recently been launched into production in the commercial vehicle market. This work compares the artificial feel control strategy with prior electric power steering control strategies and hydraulic power steering. Suitability for integration with other vehicle control systems such as lane sensing and electronic stability enhancement is explored.

This paper reviews activities relating to understanding, and improving the on-center performance of heavy truck steering systems. Initially, the on-center steering performance characteristics for commercial vehicles were quantified. Steering wheel torque and angular position were the prime measurables. Graphical analyses of the on-center handling data were performed. To better understand the data, and to insure statistical significance, an algebraic model of the analyzed data was developed, with confidence intervals determined. The calculated system stiffness, as determined from the steering wheel data, was found to be a key discriminator between steering gears. System stiffness is a function of several component values, which were measured in the laboratory. Finally, to test the above findings, a correlation study of subjective driver impressions with measured steering gear characteristics and objective vehicle measures was performed.