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The objective of the study was to quantify styrene and hexanol generated during the baking of a model sweetpotato bread (SPB) using three different sorbent based tubes. Volatiles were trapped from the ambient air and Gerstel TDU tubes packed with PDMS foam, Tenax and Carbopack B. The average mass of styrene from Tenax absorption tubes was 26.99 μg. The average mass of hexanol desorbed from the Tenax absorbent tubes was 6.2 μg. Considering the low amount of styrene and hexanol emitted from the SPB, it is believe that it is not enough to pose harm to the human body.

Initial flame development and propagation were visualized under different stratified conditions to estimate the effects of stratification on the engine performance in a port injection SI engine. Experiments were performed in an optical single cylinder engine modified from a production engine and images were captured through the quartz window mounted in the piston by an intensified CCD camera. Four cylinder heads, which have different intake ports, were assembled on the cylinder block to vary port swirl ratios. Stratification was controlled by the combination of the port swirl ratio and injection timing. Under each condition, flame images were captured at the pre-set crank angles. These were averaged and processed to characterize the flames. The flame stability was estimated by the weighted average of flame area and luminosity.