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Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions using ammonia or a 32.5%-urea solution has been used for many years in a variety of stationary applications. These applications include but are not limited to coal fired power plants, gas turbines, diesel locomotives, marine engines, as well as other stationary diesel and non-diesel engine applications. Global emission limits for mobile heavy-duty diesel engines are becoming increasingly rigid. In response to this trend the diesel industry has begun testing and applying various emission control technologies to mobile applications. SCR is one such technology. Europe is the first major market to introduce SCR into the heavy-duty (class 8) as well as medium-duty (class 4-7) truck applications. The EURO4 standards (effective Oct. 2005/2006) and the EURO5 standard (effective 2008) favor SCR as the NOx reduction technology of choice in the European Union (EU).

Prototype selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems using urea have been demonstrated on diesel trucks in Europe in recent years. In view of upcoming stringent emissions control standards for US HD diesel engines, urea-SCR is being evaluated by US engine and truck manufacturers. The authors and their companies have worked jointly on a project to develop, test, and demonstrate urea-SCR on a US HD diesel engine and Class-8 truck. A prototype urea-SCR system was applied to a 12-liter HD diesel engine. The engine model selected is rated at 350 bhp and is common for highway trucks. The only engine modifications were changes to the injection timing control map in order to better suit the application of the urea-SCR system. This paper details two demonstration phases of the project as follows. The first phase includes recent emissions cell tests using a new compact SCR catalyst and an engine calibration optimized for lower NOX.

This paper provides a qualitative overview of the environmental aspects of the Lost Foam casting process. The paper divides the subject into the following major environmental media: solid waste, air emissions, wastewater, and energy consumption. Within each of these major areas, the significant materials used in the process and the significant wastes or emissions generated are discussed, along with disposal methods and control strategies. The paper will demonstrate that the Lost Foam casting is an environmentally friendlier process than other competitive casting processes. Many of the direct materials used in the process and much of the solid waste generated can be recycled. The air emissions occur in a few localized areas and can be easily captured and controlled. The majority of the wastewater generated is relatively clean and easily treated. Finally, the energy consumption of the process is briefly discussed.

It is often argued that environmental regulations stifle economic development by diverting resources from wealth building to environmental protection. It is not unusual for those responsible for attracting business and industry to a state or city to oppose strengthening environmental regulations for fear that new or more stringent regulations will discourage industry from their locale due to the increased cost of doing business in that area. To counter this belief, the purpose of this paper is to detail the environmental features incorporated into building the Saturn facility. Additionally, the proven and expected benefits of going beyond compliance with environmental regulations will be examined.

A hallmark of environmental leadership is the ability to systematically integrate environmental planning and performance into the various aspects of business. This paper will describe Saturn Corporation's experience and techniques associated with involving suppliers in environmental stewardship. Specifically, the paper will detail several Saturn-Supplier program attributes minimizing manufacturing-related environmental impacts, such as Saturn's: Supplier relations philosophy Supplier selection process Systems development, including material planning, cost allocation, purchasing and training, Structure and Administration of supplier programs Lastly, the paper will generally describe additional existing and near-term opportunities in supplier interactions, which may add further value to automotive products and production.

The determination of the points of contact between an S cam and brake shoe rollers cannot be determined explicitly by mathematical methods. An iteration procedure is developed which allows the points of contact to be determined for any cam rotation. A mathematical proof is given which verifies the iteration procedure for one of the two cases examined. Examples for a brake are worked out which show how the iteration procedure converges on the actual contact points.