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In electric vehicles, Li-ion battery pack is the most expensive subsystem. Therefore, extending the life of the battery pack and thereby reducing the need for battery pack replacement is necessary to offer a viable product at a competitive cost of ownership. Thermal management of battery pack plays an important role in achieving the above mentioned objective since the performance and life of lithium ion batteries is greatly influenced by temperature. There are various thermal management strategies available to keep the temperature under control like air cooling, chilled liquid cooling and hybrid cooling systems. In this paper, a comparison between phase change material (PCM) and PCM/liquid hybrid cooling is made. The result of the study to understand the applicability of PCM for thermal management of Li-ion batteries is presented. CFD thermal analysis under constant electrical load of 1C rate is carried out.

Non air-conditioned buses constitute a major portion of public transportation facilities in many countries across the world. Inadequate cabin air circulation is a major cause of passenger discomfort in these buses. The aim of this study is to model the air flow pattern inside the passenger compartment of a bus and to establish the effect of solutions such as roof vents in improving the air circulation. RANS based CFD simulations with Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model have been carried out using a commercial CFD solver. The CFD methodology has been verified by comparing results with experimentally validated LES simulation results available in literature. The vehicle model used in this study was the shell structure of a bus with an overall length of 7 m and a wheel base of 3.9 m. Simulations were carried out for a four vent configuration which showed an increase of 131% in the average in-cabin air velocity over the baseline model without any roof-vents.