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Of late direct injection engines are replacing carburetted and port injected engines due to their high thermal efficiency and fuel economy. One of the reasons for the increased fuel economy is the ultra lean mixture with which the engine operates under low loads. Under the low load conditions, the air fuel ratio of the mixture near the spark plug is close to stoichiometric values while the overall mixture is lean, which is called stratified mixture. In order to achieve this, proper air motion during the late stages of compression is a must. Quality of the mixture depends on the time of injection as well as the type of fuel injector and mixture preparation strategy used. Engines employing air guided mixture preparation are considered as the second generation engines. For understanding the efficient mixture preparation method, three types of flow structures like base (low tumble), high tumble and inclined swirl are created inside the engine cylinder using shrouds on the intake valves.

Increasing the efficiency of engine auxiliary systems have become a challenge. Oil pump, identified for this study, is one such engine system which is used for lubrication of engine parts. To achieve higher efficiencies, there is a need for math-based analysis and design. This can be achieved by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The main aim of this paper is to simulate the flow through Gerotor Oil pump using Computational Fluid Dynamics. A 3D model of the entire flow domain is created and meshed in preprocessor GAMBIT. The mesh for various pressure outlet conditions is exported to FLUENT solver for analysis. The predicted results are validated with the experimental results. The comparison shows that the CFD predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. In particular, such a simulation offers a scope for visualizing the flow through the Gerotor oil pump.

A one-dimensional analysis was performed to analyze a three-pass muffler with perforated tubes for Transmission Loss, using numerical decoupling approach. Effect of mean flow on transmission loss inside the muffler was studied. To account for the three-dimensional nature of acoustic waves at higher frequencies, a three dimensional finite element analysis was done using SYSNOISE. The Transmission loss results of the three-dimensional analysis were compared with those of one-dimensional analysis for no flow case and shown to agree reasonably for lower frequency range.

In the present work, an attempt was made to study numerically, using CFD, the effect of vane-shape on the flow-field and heat transfer characteristics of a disc brake rotor for different configurations and at different speeds. Initially, the CFD code used in this work was validated by experimental results obtained by conducting experiments on a test rotor using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Further, six types of rotor configurations viz., straight radial vane (SRV), tapered radial vane (TRV), modified tapered radial vane (MTRV), circular pillared (CP), diamond pillared (DP) and modified diamond pillared (MDP) were considered for the numerical analysis. Three of them were radial type and other three were of pillared type rotors. A rotor segment of 20° was considered for the numerical analysis due to rotational symmetry. Validation was done for SRV rotor, for which the experimental and predicted results were in good agreement.

Of late Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engines are replacing the carburetted SI engines due to certain inherent advantages like uniform distribution of fuel-air mixture in all cylinders in multi cylinder engines. However the homogeneity of the mixture depends on the time of injection as well as the type of fuel injector. It is expected that late in the compression stroke the fuel-air mixture near the spark plug should be a combustible mixture. In order to achieve this, proper air motion during induction and compression is a must. Further the interaction of fuel and air from the start of injection is equally important. This paper addresses these issues. For this a CFD study has been carried out. The injection timings selected are 90, 180 and 2700 aTDC, the idea being to understand the effects of early or late injection on fuel air mixing. The appropriate governing equations are solved using finite volume method. RNG k-ε turbulence model is used for physical modelling.

A gas turbine combustion system is an embodiment of all complexities that engineering equipment can have. The flow is three dimensional, swirling, turbulent, two phase and reacting. The design and development of combustors, until recent past, was an art than science. If one takes the route of development through experiments, it is quite time consuming and costly. Compared to the other two components viz., compressor and turbine, the combustion system is not yet completely amenable to mathematical analysis. A gas turbine combustor is both geometrically and fluid dynamically quite complex. The major challenge a combustion engineer faces is the space constraint. As the combustion chamber is sandwiched between compressor and turbine there is a limitation on the available space. The critical design aspect is in facing the aerodynamic challenges with minimum pressure drop. Accurate mathematical analysis of such a system is next to impossible.

The objective of present study is to predict and analyze the flow through the Carburettor for two different throttle opening conditions. The studies have been carried out by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software and the prediction has been validated with experimental data. Three dimensional geometrical models of two different throttle positions namely 50% opening and wide open throttle (100% throttle opening) were created using the commercially available software. The mesh was generated using the Tet-hybrid scheme which includes primarily of tetrahedral mesh elements but may also include hexahedral, pyramidal and wedge elements. The pressure boundary conditions are used to define the fluid pressure at the inlet and outlet of the carburettor. The steady state flow field analysis inside a carburettor has been simulated using the Multiphase mixture model and Langrangian Discrete phase model.

This paper deals mainly with the computer simulation and experimental investigations on a single cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignited, extended expansion engine. The simulation procedure involves thermodynamic and global modeling techniques. Sub-models have been used for predicting heat transfer, friction and gas exchange processes. A two-zone model is adopted for combustion process. Combustion model predicts mass burning rate, ignition delay and combustion duration. It uses sub-models for calculating flame-front area, flamespeed and chemical equilibrium composition of ten product species. Experimentally measured valve-lift data along with suitable coefficient of discharge is used in the analysis of gas exchange process. Unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide emissions have also been predicted. Experiments have been conducted on a single cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke, spark-ignition engine.

High unburned hydrocarbon emissions and poor fuel consumption arise in a carburetted two-stroke engine because of its scavenging process. Time resolved hydrocarbon concentration at the exhaust port has shown a definite trend in concentration of unburned hydrocarbon with respect to crank angle. This paper discusses an exhaust gas recirculation system designed to trap fraction of the exhaust gas that is rich in short circuited fresh charge. In this design, the differential pressure between the crankcase and the exit at the exhaust port is communicated with each other at the appropriate time through passages in the piston and the cylinder block. The design is thus capable of selectively trapping and recirculating fraction of the exhaust gas rich in short circuited fresh charge back into the cylinder for combustion.

Diesel has been used extensively as fuel for small agricultural engines in India. As natural gas is available in abundance, lot of interest is shown to substitute gas for diesel in these engines either partially or fully. Natural gas has a high Octane rating and hence to replace diesel fully, major irreversible changes in the diesel engine is required. However, in the dual fuel (diesel + gas) system a large percentage of diesel substitution is possible by the addition of the components of the conversion system. A simple dual fuel system has been developed indigenously for this study. Engine tests with dual fuel gas system have been conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine. These results show that the performance of the engine with dual fuel system can almost match that of standard diesel engine.

Evaluation of combustion parameters such as ignition delay and combustion duration are very important in the design and development of reciprocating diesel engines. So far, there is no established and straight, forward method for the estimation of these parameters. In this paper first the available methods have been reviewed. Limitations of the direct method have been discussed. Effect of some operating variables like compression ratio, speed, load and injection advance on the combustion parameters have been studied. An easy and reliable approach has been suggested for the determination of start and end of combustion for a direct injection diesel engine, minimizing the personal judgment. Procedure for calculating the ignition delay and combustion duration based on the experimental study has been highlighted for the proposed method.

The global flow characteristics such as mean velocity, turbulence intensity and scales of turbulence have been measured in a swirl combustion chamber of a Compression Ignition engine using a constant temperature hot-wire anemometer. The experiments were conducted at 400 rpm under motoring (non-firing) conditions. Ensemble averaging procedure was adopted to calculate the mean velocity and turbulence intensity after comparing the merits and demerits of this method with the Individual Cycle Mean method and the Frequency Separation method. The experimental results indicate that the mean velocity and turbulence intensity show significant spatial and temporal variations in the swirl chamber. These variations are observed to be maximum from 60 deg. bTDC to TDC of compression. The values of mean velocity at chamber periphery are found to be higher than the values near the chamber axis.

In the conventional scavenging process of the two-stroke spark ignition engines, a part of the fresh mixture leaves the cylinder along with the burnt products and contributes heavily towards the hydro-carbon emission in the engine exhaust with high S. F. C. In this investigation an attempt is made to reduce the fresh mixture loss to the exhaust line during the scavenging process, by incorporating reed valves at the transfer ducts. It is observed that this approach reduces the fuel consumption to the engine without any power loss and decreases the hydro-carbon content in the engine exhaust.

In this investigation the in-cylinder flow field structure was evaluated in a small displacement (50 CC) two-stroke spark-ignition engine using cylinders with Schnuerle-ports and a boost-port. A special hot-wire probe was designed, fabricated and calibrated for the use in this work. A constant temperature hot-wire anemometer was used for measurements. The effects of speed, throttle position and piston head shape were studied. The effect of compression ratio, silencer shape and inclusion of resonator to the engine induction and exhaust systems on the in-cylinder flow field activity in the Schnuerle-ported cylinder were analysed. The flow field conditions at different downward locations in the axial direction from the spark point were also evaluated in the Schnuerle-ported cylinder.

This paper deals with the experimental results of two engines - one single cylinder RDH - CFR engine with variable compression ratio and the other a four cylinder variable speed automotive type engine. The single cylinder emission results are projected for multicylinder operation and for a fixed maldistribution symmetry. The results show that there is a reduction in NOX emissions due to maldistribution where as UBF, CO and CH2O emissions are increased due to maldistribution.

Aldehyde formation and emissions from alcohol fueled engines are studied and presented in this paper. Several chemical kinetic models on the mechanism leading to aldehyde formation have been examined to explore the appropriate control methods to reduce exhaust aldehyde emissions. Control of aldehydes in exhaust emissions by suitable alteration of engine operating parameters, by in cylinder treatment with additives like aniline and water, by external treatment like airpreheating, secondary air injection cooling water rate and exhaust treatment are examined. The concept of surface ignition for alcohol fuels is briefly presented as a long range objective for using alcohols with minimal aldehyde emissions.

A novel Air-Alcohol INDUCTOR with an inherent flexibility to tailor the alcohol flow rate, has been developed for a multi-cylinder, variable-speed, vehicular Diesel engine to enable operation in the Alcohol-Diesel bi-fuel mode. Tests have been carried out on the dynamometer over the whole speed range of the engine. Also road tests have been carried out under constant vehicular speed conditions. Upto 48% Diesel substitution was achieved on road without reduction in thermal efficiency. Laboratory tests indicate lower exhaust temperatures and lower smoke intensities than in the diesel mode.