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The complex nature of the challenge as humans embark on exploration missions beyond Earth orbit will require that, in the early stages, simulation facilities be established at least on Earth. Suitable facilities in Low Earth Orbit and on the Moon surface would provide complementary information of critical importance for the overall design of a human mission to Mars. A full range of simulation campaigns is required, in fact, to reach a better understanding of the complexities involved in exploration missions that will bring humans back to the Moon and then outward to Mars. The corresponding simulation means may range from small scale environmental simulation chambers and/or computer models that will aid in the development of new materials, to full scale mock-ups of spacecraft and planetary habitats and/or orbiting infrastructures.

The European philosphy for the establishment of man's presence in space is defined by ESA's European Manned Space Infrastructure Programme (EMSI). The development towards an European manned space station is defined by discrete steps on manned capabilities and technology applications. Different, alternative evolutionary approaches towards an European space station and key elements have been studied by industry within the last years. Potential orbital scenarios, the habitation module, interconnecting element and escape vehicle were major themes of investigations. The purpose of this paper is to provide possible concepts for orbital, lunar and martian habitats, based on the recent study results and ESA's EMSI-philosophy. Advanced habitability conceptual designs concerning crew comfort and human factors, resources supply and different utilization aspects will be outlined, pending on the environmental characteristics of the operation sides: on moon, Mars or in low earth orbit.