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Towards the effort of using natural gas as an alternative fuel for a diesel engine, the concept of Diesel Dual Fuel (DDF) engine has been shown as a strong candidate. Typically, DDF's engine-out emission species such as soot and nitrogen oxides are decreased while carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are increased. The aftertreatment system is required in order to reduce these pollutant emissions from DDF engines. Additionally, DDF engine exhaust has a wide temperature span and is rich in oxygen, which makes HC emissions, especially methane (CH₄), difficult to treat. Until now, it is widely accepted that the key parameter influencing methane oxidation in a catalytic converter is high exhaust temperature. However, a comprehensive understanding of what variables in real DDF engine exhausts most influencing a catalytic converter performance are yet to be explored.

To promote utilization of renewable fuels in transportation sector, the Thai government has actively sought to obtain higher-ratio ethanol blends in gasoline as early as 2007, at which time E85 was introduced and fuel specifications were determined. The purpose of this study is to evaluate E85 fuel performance in flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) with considerations for tailpipe emissions, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde emissions, evaporative emission and vehicle performance. These findings will aid future research in ethanol blends. All tests were conducted utilizing three Volvo S40 FFVs and four specific ethanol blend fuels: E10, E20, E50 and E85 (E-Fuels, collectively). Tailpipe emission tests were conducted in full compliance with Thailand Industrial Standard Institute; TIS 2160 - 2546 (Euro 3 legislation).

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of gasoline compositions and properties on vehicle tailpipe emissions in order to propose the automotive gasoline specifications in Thailand to be revised by the year 2000. A total of 270 exhaust emissions measurements were conducted using fifteen fuels according to Thailand emission standard test, TISI 1280 - 2538 (91/441/EEC). Six cars with different fuel supply systems or emission control devices were selected for the test based on the market share in Thailand. The following eight fuel parameters were examined: Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), the 50 th percent distillation temperature (T50) and content of aromatics, olefins, benzene, MTBE, ethanol and sulfur. Total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and toxic air pollutants such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene and carbonyl compounds were analyzed.