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Changing emission legislation limits are challenging the engine developers in many aspects. Requirement to improve combustion and engine efficiency have resulted in increased loads and higher levels of abrasive particles within the engine environment. Concerning piston rings and piston ring grooves, such engine modifications are leading to critical tribological conditions and side wear is becoming a key issue in the design of these components. Historically one of the most common forms of side wear protection on piston rings has been chromium plate. This solution has limitations on durability (low thickness) and on topography (rough surfaces). In response to these limitations, nitrided stainless steel top rings have been used to improve the side protection; it is harder and typically has a smoother surface finish when compared to chromium coating.

In spite of being a popular topic in technical publications, scuffing between piston ring face and cylinder liner is an extremely unpredictable and hard-to-reproduce phenomenon that significantly decreases engine performance. This paper will discuss results of metallurgical and metrological (post-mortem) examinations of the scuffing between hard and soft cylinder liners and different piston ring coatings after field, engine and bench testing. Detailed metallurgical analysis describes the lubricity mechanism between various piston ring coatings and iron cylinder liner at different temperatures with and without oil. The paper will explain the origin of the scuffing through lack of or inadequate lubrication at top dead center, particularly for hardened iron heavy-duty diesel cylinder liners.