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Highly integrated electrical and electronic systems that perform multiple functions within an aircraft may have potential failure conditions during exposure to the HIRF or lightning environments that are not identified in a standard 2X.1309 (23.1309/23.2510, 25.1309, 27.1309 and 29.1309) safety assessment. It is therefore necessary to conduct a High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF) and Lightning Safety Assessment (HLSA) that can identify potential failures resulting from exposure to a HIRF or lightning environment. These failure conditions must be assessed in a manner that demonstrates that exposure to a HIRF or lightning environment will not result in adverse effects (which also include system failure effects) to the aircraft functional performance. The operation of systems separately and in combination with other systems should also be assessed with respect to the HIRF or lightning environment.

This AIR was prepared to inform the aerospace industry about the electromagnetic interference measurement capability of spectrum analyzers. The spectrum analyzers considered are of the wide dispersion type which are electronically tuned over an octave or wider frequency range. The reason for limiting the AIR to this type of spectrum analyzer is that several manufacturers produce them as general-purpose instruments, and their use for EMI measurement will give significant time and cost savings. The objective of the AIR is to give a description of the spectrum analyzers, consider the analyzer parameters, and describe how the analyzers are usable for collection of EMI data. The operator of a spectrum analyzer should be thoroughly familiar with the analyzer and the technical concepts reviewed in this AIR before performing EMI measurements.

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to provide information relating to the construction, calibration, and usage of parallel plate transmission lines in electromagnetic compatibility susceptibility testing.

These cable practice recommendations tend toward design guidance rather than standardization. EMC achievement tests can be standardized, but the means for achievement should not be constrained. The material can best be described as an essay on cabling, and the theme is that a cable is just a part of a complete circuit, the interconnect circuit. Cable EMC performance is thus determined largely by circuit design; it is unrealistic to expect cabling techniques to compensate for improper impedance, symmetry or waveform in the circuit.

Corrosion control is always of concern to the designer of electronic enclosures. The use of EMI gaskets to provide shielding often creates requirements that are in conflict with ideal corrosion control. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) presents a compatibility table (see Figure 1) which has as its objective a listing of metallic couples that are compatible from a corrosion aspect and which still maintain a low contact impedance.

This checklist is to be used by project personnel to assure that factors required for adequate system electromagnetic compatibility are considered and incorporated into a program. It provides a ready reference of EMC management and documentation requirements for a particular program from preproposal thru acquisition. When considered with individual equipments comprising the system and the electromagnetic operational environment in which the system will operate, the checklist will aid in the preparation of an EMC analysis. The analysis will facilitate the development of system- dependent EMC criteria and detailed system, subsystem, and equipment design requirements ensuring electromagnetic compatibility. It should be noted that all subjects are not covered and that all items listed may not be required on a given program.

This specification covers the general requirements for conventional AC and/or DC current carrying filter networks for the reduction of electromagnetic interference. A conventional filter is defined herein as a component containing definitive, lumped, R-L-C components and not employing distributed parameters as a required characteristic.

This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes a standard method and means for measuring or calibrating the "Spectrum Amplitude" output of an impulse generator.

This revision will include: - Clarification on instrumented radio ground test methods (non-tunable receivers, HF comm, calculation of decision thresholds, margin, receiver RBW, coax loss, etc.) - Guidance for testing TCAS/XPDR in flight (to avoid interference with local traffic when ground testing) - Other feedback from users of the document

This method is used to define the immunity of electric and electronic apparatus and equipment (products) to radiated electromagnetic (EM) energy. This method is based on injecting the calibrated radio frequency currents (voltages) into external conductors and/or internal circuits of the product under test, measuring the strength of the EM field generated by this product and evaluating its immunity to the external EM field on the basis of the data obtained. The method can be utilized only when it is physically possible to connect the injector to the conductors and/or circuits mentioned before.

The purpose of this AIR is to acquaint the aerospace industry with problems in attaining electromagnetic compatibility on gas turbine engines, particularly as used in aircraft. It is also the purpose of this AIR to present guidelines for the application of EMC controls to the engine, to its components which of necessity must operate in very hostile environments and to its interface with the aircraft.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a description of methods to be employed to achieve Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of gas turbine engine accessories. Its primary objectives are to aid those system designers of gas turbine assemblies who are employing commercial accessories, which are not always EMC employing readily available test instrumentation. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) as defined for this AIR is the ability of all engine accessories to perform within their specified capabilities when subjected to an electromagnetic environment generated by adjacent engine accessories.

This document establishes the minimum requirements for the electrical bonding and grounding of electric, avionic, armament, communication, and electronic equipment installations for aeronautical and aerospace applications. The bonding and grounding requirements specified herein are to ensure that an adequate low resistance return path for electric, avionic, armament, communication and electronic equipment is achieved which can withstand operating conditions and corrosion. This is essential for the reduction of coupling of electromagnetic fields into or out of the equipment as well as for providing electrical stability to control the currents and/or voltages caused by static charges and discharges and for suppressing the hazardous effects thereof.

This guide provides detailed information, guidance, and methods for demonstrating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) on civil aircraft. This guide addresses aircraft EMC compliance for safety and functional performance of installed electrical and electronic systems. The EMC guidance considers conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions and transients generated by the installed electrical and electronic systems which may affect other installed electrical and electronic systems on the aircraft. Application of appropriate electrical and electronic equipment EMC requirements are discussed. Methods for aircraft EMC tests and analysis are described. This guide does not address aircraft compatibility with the internal electromagnetic environments of portable electronic devices (PED) or with the external electromagnetic environments, such as high-intensity radiated fields (HIRF), lightning, and precipitation static.

This AIR provides guidance to the EMI test facility on how to check performance of the following types of EMI test equipment: Current probe Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) Directional coupler Attenuator Cable loss Low noise preamplifier Rod antenna base Passive antennas All performance checks can be performed without software. A computer may be required to generate an electronic or hard copy of data. This is not to say that custom software might not be helpful; just that the procedures documented herein specifically eschew the necessity of automated operation.

The purpose of this procedure is to establish a technique for reliably and repeatedly measuring the RF shielding characteristics of EMI gasket materials and EMI gaskets against various joint surfaces. The procedure is also used to test the reliability of the gasketed joint combinations after being subjected to hostile environments.

The purpose of this procedure is to establish a technique for reliably and repeatedly measuring the RF shielding characteristics of EMI conductive gasket materials and EMI conductive gaskets. Depending on the materials used for the construction of the measuring setup, the EMI conductive gaskets can be characterized against various joint surfaces. This standard will directly provide shielding effectiveness values up to 40 GHz, and will also be applicable for small samples of conductive EMI gaskets.

Engine charging of aircraft has been observed for many years. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) reviews the history of observations, physical characteristics, and possible techniques for minimizing the effects.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice outlines a standardized and economical method for the checkout and calibration of electromagnetic interference measurement antennas. Its application is for use when measuring a source 1 m from the antenna in a shield room. This is the typical distance used in performing military EMC testing. The influence of the shield room on the measured field strength is not considered. This standard does not address the measurement of emissions from an unknown distributed source, yet it attempts to resemble reality by using another antenna, in the calibration method, that represents a distributed source. This document presents a technique to determine antenna factors for antennas used primarily in performing measurements in accordance with References 2.1 and 2.2. The purpose of Revision B was to include the calibration of other antennas, such as biconical, horn, monopole and small loop antennas that are also specified for use in these same references.

This document provides guidance for applying aircraft equipment electromagnetic, electrical, and mechanical qualification standards (i.e., DO-160, MIL-STD-461, MIL-STD-704, and MIL-STD-810) to civil aircraft certification intended for military use and for military aircraft equipment installed on civil aircraft. The guidance identifies where the equipment environmental qualification standards meet the intent of both the civil or military aircraft certification requirements. Conversely, the guidance will identify where the equipment environmental qualification standards have differences that do not meet the intent of the civil or military aircraft certification requirements and when these differences matter based on equipment criticality, installation location, and/or other variables.