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Ice Adhesion Testing Methods

2024-03-05
WIP
AIR7529
Consolidate ice adhesion & accretion (and shedding) testing methods & define their applicability to real world icing conditions (need to define the attributes & processes) Document the physics governing ice adhesion strengths & accretion behaviors Define characteristics of ice formed in a range of atmosphere conditions Propose testing methods & facility requirements capable of differentiating ice adhesion consistently Define material properties affecting ice adhesion, including surface characteristics, preparation methods, and degradation Definitions of terminologies (ice types, atmosphere conditions, accretion dynamics, strengths & applicability (shear, tensile etc.), passive ice protection vs. active ice protection, etc.)
Standard

Characterizations of Aircraft Icing Conditions

2023-11-08
WIP
AIR5396B
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides various graphical displays of atmospheric variables related to aircraft icing conditions in natural clouds. It is intended as a review of recent developments on the subject, and for stimulating thought on novel ways to arrange and use the available data. Included in this Report is FAR 25 (JAR 25) Appendix C, the established Aircraft Icing Atmospheric Characterization used for engineering design, development, testing and certification of civilian aircraft to fly in aircraft icing conditions.
Standard

Water Content Instrumentation for Icing Cloud Characterization

2023-05-22
CURRENT
AIR6977
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a comprehensive overview of primary water content measurement instrumentation, for both facility-based icing research and in-flight icing research, over the range of commonly used aircraft certification icing envelopes. It includes information on the theory of operation of the instruments, system errors and limitations, and practical considerations when using them for cloud characterization. This document does not address other icing cloud measurements of interest, such as particle sizing, or measurement of phenomena such as snow, sleet, or hail.
Standard

Characterizations of Aircraft Icing Conditions

2023-01-20
CURRENT
AIR5396A
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides various graphical displays of atmospheric variables related to aircraft icing conditions in natural clouds. It is intended as a review of recent developments on the subject, and for stimulating thought on novel ways to arrange and use the available data. Included in this Report is FAR 25 (JAR 25) Appendix C, the established Aircraft Icing Atmospheric Characterization used for engineering design, development, testing and certification of civilian aircraft to fly in aircraft icing conditions.
Standard

Aircraft Inflight Ice Detectors and Icing Rate Measuring Instruments

2022-05-24
CURRENT
AIR4367B
This document provides information regarding ice detector technology and design. The SAE document AS5498 provides detailed information regarding the requirements, specifications, qualification, and certification of icing detection systems. This document is not meant to replace AS5498, but to enhance it by considering unique aspects of sensing technology and, in particular, those that may not be certificated at the time of this revision. To that end, an effort has been made not to duplicate information contained in AS5498. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets while the aircraft is in flight. Information related to detection of ice over cold fuel tanks and icing at low-velocity operation is included. The material is primarily applicable to fixed-wing aircraft. Unique requirements for engine inlets and rotorcraft are also provided.
Standard

Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Inflight Icing Detection Systems

2022-04-22
CURRENT
AS5498B
This document contains minimum operational performance specification (MOPS) of active on-board INFLIGHT ICING DETECTION SYSTEMS (FIDS). This MOPS specifies FIDS operational performance which is the minimum necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for the design and manufacture of the equipment to a minimum standard and guidance towards acceptable means of compliance when installed on an AIRCRAFT. Detection of ICE accreted on the AIRCRAFT during ground operations is not considered in this document. This MOPS was written for the use of FIDS on AIRCRAFT as defined in 1.3 and 2.3. Expected minimum performance specifications for FIDS and their functions are provided in Section 3. The minimum performance requirements as defined in Section 3 do not consider SYSTEM performance as installed on the AIRCRAFT. Performance in excess of the minimum performance may be required by the SYSTEM installed on an AIRCRAFT in order to meet regulatory or operational requirements.
Standard

SAE Aerospace Applied Thermodynamics Manual Ice, Rain, Fog, and Frost Protection

2021-02-19
CURRENT
AIR1168/4C
This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.
Standard

Ice and Rain Minimum Performance Standard for Angle of Attack (AOA) and Angle of Sideslip (AOS) Sensors

2020-08-26
WIP
AS6838
The new standard will establish minimum performance requirements for angle of attack (AOA) and angle of sideslip (AOS) sensors in ice and rain conditions. The new standard will cover the various sensor technologies used to measure these flow angles and is limited to the sensor itself as defined from the portion of the sensor that is directly exposed to the ice and rain environment to the means by which its output is relayed to the relevant aircraft systems. The user of this standard must evaluate the aircraft level installation requirements for the probe to ensure adequate coverage for the application. It may be necessary to modify the test conditions in order to meet the applicable installation requirements.
Standard

Droplet Impingement and Ice Accretion Computer Codes

2020-05-29
WIP
ARP5903A
This document provides information, guidelines, and practices for the application, use, and administration of two-dimensional and three-dimensional droplet impingement and ice accretion computer codes. The codes provide computational simulations of inflight icing that predict droplet trajectory, water loading, and ice accretion on aircraft components. These ice accretion characteristics are used during the aircraft design and certification process.
Standard

Ice and Rain Minimum Qualification Standards for Pitot and Pitot-static Probes

2020-02-11
CURRENT
AS5562
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes minimum ice and rain performance criteria for electrically-heated pitot and pitot-static probes intended for use on the following classes of fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft. The classes of fixed-wing aircraft are defined by aircraft flight envelopes and are shown in Figure 1. The flight envelopes generally fall into the classes as shown below: The user of this standard must evaluate the aircraft level installation requirements for the probe against the class definition criteria to ensure adequate coverage for the application. It may be necessary to step up in class or modify the test conditions in order to meet the applicable installation requirements. NOTE: Class 2 is divided into two subgroups identified as either Class 2a or Class 2b. Class 2a probe applications typically include aircraft that operate within the mid to lower end of the Class 2 altitude range and that only use probe output to display basic airspeed and/or altitude.
Standard

Airborne Icing Tankers

2019-06-17
CURRENT
ARP5904
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) document establishes criteria and recommended practices for the use of airborne icing tankers to aid in design and certification of aircraft ice protection systems and components. Several icing tankers are described, along with their capabilities and suggested use. Sample data for these tanker spray systems are included, shown with 14 CFR Parts 25 and 29, Appendix C icing envelopes for continuous maximum and intermittent maximum icing conditions. (Note: In the remainder of this document, the phrase “Appendix C icing envelopes” will be used for brevity.) This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.
Standard

Rotor Blade Electrothermal Ice Protection Design Considerations

2019-06-14
WIP
AIR1667B
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) identifies and summarizes the various factors that should be considered during design, development, certification, or testing of helicopter rotor blade ice protection systems. Although various concepts of ice protection are mentioned in this report, the text is limited generally to those factors associated with design and substantiation of cyclic electrothermal ice protection systems as applicable to the protection of helicopter rotor blades. Other systems are described briefly in Appendix A. Applications consider main rotor blades, conventional tail rotor blades, and other types of antitorque devices. The information contained in this report is also limited to the identification of factors that should be considered and why the factor is important. Specific design, analysis and test methodologies are not included. For additional information refer to the references listed in 2.1.
Standard

Icing Wind Tunnel Interfacility Comparison Tests

2018-10-16
CURRENT
AIR5666A
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents and discusses the results of tests of three models in six icing wind tunnels in North America and Europe. This testing activity was initiated by the Facility Standardization Panel of the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Subcommittee. The objective of the testing activity was to establish a benchmark that compared ice shapes produced by icing wind tunnels available for use by the aviation industry and to use that benchmark as a basis for dialogue between facility owners to improve the state-of-the-art of icing wind tunnel technology.
Standard

Aircraft Inflight Icing Terminology

2018-09-27
WIP
ARP5624A
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended definitions for terms commonly used in aircraft inflight icing system design and analysis, research, and operations. Some general thermodynamic terms are included that are frequently used in icing analysis, but this document is not meant to be an inclusive list of such terms.
Standard

Ice Crystal and Mixed Phase Icing Tunnel Testing of Air Data Probes

2018-04-16
WIP
AIR6974
This document provides information on current practices for testing air data probes to 14 CFR Part 33 Appendix D ice crystal and mixed phase icing conditions. This AIR is primarily concerned with techniques for measuring the flow and icing environment in the test facility. While the focus of this report is the testing of air data probes, techniques described may be applicable to Appendix D tests of other aerospace equipment as well.
Standard

Ice Protection for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2017-09-22
WIP
AIR6962
A review of icing materials that would be educational to a designer of a UAV ice protection system is provided. Additionally, the differences between unmanned and manned ice protection systems are explored along with a discussion on how these differences can be addressed.
Standard

SAE Aerospace Applied Thermodynamics Manual Ice, Rain, Fog, and Frost Protection

2016-08-29
HISTORICAL
AIR1168/4B
This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.
Standard

Particle Sizing Instrumentation for Icing Cloud Characterization

2016-04-19
WIP
AIR4906A
This information report provides a review of liquid drop and ice crystal particle sizing instruments used for facility based icing research and in-flight testing commonly used for aircraft certification icing envelopes. This report will provide an overview of the theory of operation of these instruments and practical considerations when using them for cloud characterization. Methods in use for data reduction (including combining output from multiple probes) as well as potential error sources are provided for information. Measurement methods from prior revisions of this AIR that are no longer commonly used (e.g. oil slides and rotating cylinders) will be retained for reference. This document does not include other icing cloud measurements such as liquid or total water contents, or measurement of other types of phenomena such as snow, sleet or hail.
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