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Linked front and rear braking systems are difficult to implement properly on motorcycles due to the large changes in wheel loading under braking. At the braking limit, there is little to no load on the rear wheel and any brake torque could lock it, making the vehicle laterally unstable. Therefore, most motorcycles have independent controls for the front and rear brakes, requiring the rider to balance the brake force distribution. Electric motorcycles have the ability to utilize the drive motor to apply braking torque at the rear wheel. In this paper a control technique has been developed to link rear wheel braking torque to the front brake lever without risking rear tire lock. Thereby, it is also possible to recapture the energy from rear wheel braking. The control strategy has been tested on a transient pitch model, with rotating wheels and tire model data.

The objective of this paper is to develop a model for the dynamics of an automotive air conditioning system. The air conditioning system consists of a variable displacement compressor, a condenser, an expansion orifice, an evaporator and a control valve. A physically motivated sixth order perturbation model is described including a linearization of system components. The parameters of the model are optimized on a component-by-component basis and optimized component models are interconnected to represent the overall system. A demonstration of the modeling/optimization process is presented for a representative set of operating conditions.