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India is the world’s largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India’s commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs and a particulate limit (PM & PN) for 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines. Most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply to them. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. This was the primary motivation to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs, which as on date, do not come under the purview of BSVI regulation.

India BS6 Stage2 (2023) regulations demand all gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles to meet particulate number emissions (PN) below 6x10+11# per km. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are a proven technology and enable high PN filtration efficiencies throughout the entire vehicle lifetime. One challenge for GPF applications could be the changing emission performance characteristics as a function of mileage due to collected ash and/or soot deposits with implications on back pressure losses. The main objective of this technical contribution is to study the above-mentioned challenges while applying Indian driving conditions and typical Indian climate and other ambient conditions. The substrate technology selected for this study is a high porosity GPF designed to enable the integration of a three-way functionality into the GPF, commonly described as catalyzed GPF (cGPF).

With the implementation of Emissions Stage 5 in Europe all passenger cars with diesel engines need after treatment systems with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). Therefore Indian post BS-IV regulations are expectedto force the introduction of DPFs for the Indian domestic market as well. In this paper a new low porosity Aluminum Titanate (AT) DPF generation is discussed and how this new product family can help address specific requirements for the Indian market. Two new technologies of the DuraTrap®AT DPFs complement the existing portfolio. One technology has an increased soot mass limit, the second new product significantly reduces the pressure drop over the filter.

Upcoming EU5 and expected emissions legislation BS5 in India in combination with efforts to optimize the overall fuel economy has created new challenges in the development of aftertreatment systems for passenger cars equipped with diesel engines. Since EU5 and BS5 emissions legislation will strongly be focused on the reduction of particulate matter it is likely that all vehicle applications will need aftertreatment systems with diesel particulate filters. High filtration efficiency combined with a high resistance to thermo-mechanical stress is a strong requirement for diesel particulate filters to meet EU5 and BS5 emission legislation. Besides those requirements the backpressure of particulate filters has to be considered since backpressure is also related to fuel economy and therefore CO₂ emissions.