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The analytical determination of dynamic and static seal friction in hydraulic systems is very difficult due to many application dependent variables. An “empirical approach” to the determination of seal friction refers to the development of mathematical relationships based upon experimental laboratory data. These repeatable relationships can then be applied in order to estimate the dynamic friction of a particular seal as a function of the stated fixed laboratory test conditions.

A presentation on those specific elastomeric properties to be considered when selecting materials for use in Low Temperature applications. The use of low temperature test methods including Temperature Retraction and Brittleness Temperature to characterize the low temperature elastomeric properties and the change to these property values that may occur due to the particular hydraulic fluid used. The positive and negative affects of plasticizers used in elastomeric compounds. Considerations for the use of compression type seals as well as high tensile, wear resistant lip type seals. Other low temperature related factors such as compression set and thermal contraction due to cyclic temperature conditions.