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The primary purpose of an automotive bumper is to protect the vehicle from damage, which may otherwise result from a low speed impact. Major insurance companies typically conduct low speed crash tests of new vehicles in order to establish appropriate insurance classifications based on the estimated costs to repair the resulting damage. One such test, which is carried out by the Allianz insurance organisation, has become the European standard by which automobile insurance rates are set. Although commonly known as the Allianz test, it may be more specifically referred to as the Danner test, after Max Danner, the originator of the test. This test is conducted at 15 km/h with a 0° oriented rigid barrier overlapping 40% of the vehicle for frontal collisions and a 1000 kg moveable barrier with a 40% overlap for impacts to the rear of the vehicle.