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Within the motorcycle- and powersport sector the hybridization and electrification of the powertrain is increasingly becoming an important topic. In the automotive sector the hybridization of the powertrain is already well established and shows improvements regarding fuel consumption and emission behavior. Also in the motorcycle sector the emission legislation limits are getting stricter and the requirement for a significant reduction of fuel consumption, especially under real drive condition, is being focused. Furthermore, the increasing environmental awareness of the customer requires measures regarding fuel consumption- and emission minimization. Due to the high system complexity and degrees of freedom of hybrid powertrains, the simulation of the complete vehicle is essential for the component dimensioning, concept selection and the development of operation strategies.

Global trends show an increasing approval of electrified mobility due to advantages like local zero emission and low noise. But range anxiety, missing comprehensive availability and high costs significantly obstruct the acceptance and growth of electro mobility. Extended research on finding innovative solutions focus on the elimination of the disadvantages of pure electric drivetrain systems. Therefore an ICE range extended electric vehicle is a promising approach. Commonly, small-capacity gasoline engines with low cylinder numbers are used for range extending applications. Targets are low emissions, efficient packaging, good NVH behaviour and low costs. In this paper the layout and design of an innovative two-stroke twin-cylinder engine with a capacity of one litre is presented. Compared to conventional single- or twin-cylinder four-stroke engines a two-stroke engine has better running smoothness due to the ignition sequence of 180 degrees.

This publication covers the development process of a thermal model within a complete longitudinal vehicle simulation. Therefore a dynamic/forward simulation within MATLAB Simulink is used. The modeling of the heat transport in the cooling circuit and the lubrication system as well as the heat input by the internal combustion engine is the focus of research. In the first part various possible numerical solution methods for the heat transport model are analyzed and evaluated with regard to the accuracy of the system description and real time capability. The latter is important as functionalities should be able to be subsequently implemented in an engine control unit. In addition, a method for the modeling of the heat input of the internal combustion engine is evaluated. Finally, a validation of the heat transport and heat input model is performed, using a two-cylinder motorcycle.

Within the automotive sector, the hybridization of the powertrain is well investigated and first announcements about mass production start dates have been made. Studies have shown that improvements regarding fuel economy and emission are possible. This potential and additional positive effects regarding driving performance should also be gained for the power-sport sector, even though very few investigations have been performed for this vehicle class. Though the requirements for a power-sport drivetrain differ from that of the automobile sector due to the high demand on the transient behavior, intense investigations have been started. The use of a complete vehicle simulation during the development of a hybrid vehicle is advantageous in the early phase and in the pre series calibration phase. The foreground topic for the simulation of a conventional powertrain is the power and torque distribution.

The new European legislation on two-wheeler pollutant emissions has forced two stroke engine manufacturers to study the direct fuel injection (DI) technology. The Piaggio “ET2 Injection” was the first DI engine in production, using the FAST system (Fully Atomized Stratified Turbulence) applied on a 50 cm3 engine. Within the framework of the DOLCE project (Development Of innovative Low pollutant, noise and fuel Consumption two stroke spark ignition Engines for future vehicles for individual urban mobility) coordinated by Piaggio and supported by the European Commission, a 125 cm3 direct injection 2-stroke engine was developed. This paper presents the engine-related part of this work, which was concluded in March 2000. The engine is equipped with the FAST system and the fuel metering is performed by means of a low-pressure electronic fuel injection system integrated in an Engine Management System (EMS) specially developed for this type of application.