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We have developed a micromachined mass flow sensor placed on a high pressure stable substrate to measure on board the different injection quantities needed in modern direct injection (DI) systems for optimum performance. To detect the injection end/begin as well as the injection rate as fast and precisely as possible, a flow sensor is for the first time completely integrated into the nozzle body very close to the injection holes. The thermal measurement principle is chosen, as both gasoline and diesel fuel quantities can be detected and therefore, the use of this present flow sensor is not restricted to one of these different types of combustion engines. In this paper, the fabrication process of the first prototypes is reported mainly focusing on the technology for the LTC (Low Temperature Cofired) ceramics.

With the advent of widespread use of airbags as restraint systems for both driver and passenger, a new challenge has appeared for the design engineer. Numerical models of various degrees of complexity have been developed to model the interaction between airbags and occupants, ranging from simplified models such as the airbags included in rigid body dynamic models, to more sophisticated, fully three-dimensional ones based on Finite Elements (FE). However, some key questions of airbag design such as interaction of the unfolding bag with out-of-position occupants and effects of different airbag folding patterns remained unanswered, and their design still requires extensive test series. In this paper, the approach developed at Engineering Systems International over the past two years to solve the problem of numerical simulation of fully folded bags is presented in the larger context of the PAM-SAFE program for analysis of occupant safety.