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Investigations into fuel compositional effects on emissions using model and full range fuels suggest aromatic components promote NOx conversion over the catalyst Steady state results derived from a single engine (Ricardo Gasoline Fuels Consortium data) show that at a typical part load condition, the catalyst removes NOx less effectively with lower aromatic fuels. Neither CO nor H2 contribute significantly to catalyst performance. Two vehicles were tested over a European cycle. Toluene formed more combustion chamber NOx, offset by increased catalyst conversion efficiency giving lower tailpipe NOx than isooctane in the vehicle with the better catalyst light-off and AFR control.