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Starting in October 1993, the sulfur in diesel fuel will be lowered from 0.27 wt % average to 0.05 wt % maximum in order to reduce particulate sulfate emissions from on-highway vehicles. Given such a major change in diesel fuel, the study reported here focused on determining the most appropriate crankcase oils to choose. Using low-sulfur fuel, the study assessed the effects of crankcase oils on: emissions, wear, deposits, oil consumption, viscosity, and Total Base Number (TBN) depletion rates. The engines used were 1994 engines with low oil consumption and direct injection, such as the Detroit Diesel Company (DDC) Series 60, Caterpillar 3176B, Mack E-7, and the Caterpillar single-cylinder engine, which will be used in establishing the next oil category to be announced in 1995. The oils evaluated were SAE 10W-30 and 15W-40 oils with sulfated-ash levels of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.0 wt %.

Milled fiberglass or mica flake reinforcement can be used to control the physical properties of RIM urethanes. The addition of these reinforcements results in increased flexural modulus, decreased coefficient of linear thermal expansion, decreased elongation and decreased impact strength. Milled fiberglass is shown to orient during injection into the mold causing anisotropic behavior in the physical properties. Mica flake reinforced urethanes do not show the orientation effects found with milled fiberglass, but mica flake, causes a greater reduction in elongation and impact than does milled fiberglass. Several urethane systems are examined and the general effects of mica flake or milled fiberglass are found to be reasonably independent of the base urethane system.