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An automobile outer rear view mirror (ORVM) is fixed at the front exterior of the vehicle for helping the driver see areas behind and sides of the vehicle which are outside of their peripheral vision. Mirror Scalp is the cover which protects the components inside from human and other environmental damage. Hence the scalp must be properly designed and fitted to the rest of the assembly so that it allows the safe functioning of the ORVM, which is an active safety device. During automatic car washing, sometimes the scalp may get removed due to the huge force exerted by the scrubber, if the scalp is not fitted properly. Mirror scalp is fitted to the rest of the ORVM through snap-fits. Snap-fits are the simplest, quickest and most cost effective method of assembling two parts. When designed properly, parts with they can be assembled and disassembled numerous times without any adverse effect on the assembly and hence are most environmentally friendly.

The Partially Pre-mixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion was experimentally and computationally investigated with retarded injection timing for mixture homogeneity and for lower emissions. PCCI combustion concept was experimentally evaluated with retarded injection timing close to TDC with high EGR levels up to 50%. The CFD analysis has carried out for mixture homogeneity with different injection pressures and timings. A 4-cylinder TCIC engine having 2valves/cylinder were selected for experiments and speed vs. torque mapped for LCV applications. A Visio technique has been used to study the in-cylinder combustion. After fine tuning of injection pressure, injection timing and EGR ratio over entire range of engine speeds and loads, a 13-mode ESC test cycle has been carried out for EURO-IV and EURO-V emissions. Experimental results shows that it is possible to meet EURO-IV emissions with combined PCCI-DI combustion concept with economical aftertreatment solution.