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With the prevalence of satellite imagery in the analysis of collision events growing in the field of accident reconstruction, this research aims to quantify, refine, and compare the accuracies of measurements obtained utilizing conventional instruments to the measurements obtained using Google Earth Pro software. Researchers documented and obtained 1305 unique measurements from 68 locations in 25 states and provinces in the United States, Canada, and Australia using measuring wheels and tape measures. Measurements of relevant features at each location (crosswalks, curved roadways, off-road features, etc.) were documented and subdivided into three groups: On-Road, Off-Road, and Curved Path measurements. These measurements were compared to the measurements obtained of the same features from current and historical satellite imagery within Google Earth Pro.

The demands of modern society continue to drive automotive design to greater efficiency and cleaner operation at lower cost. Higher operating temperatures are now typically required to meet these demands, making the use of more robust materials and joining techniques a necessity. This paper describes how the benefits of reduced emissions and greater fuel economy along with quieter operation are achieved by using silicon-molybdenum modified ductile iron exhaust manifolds welded to close-coupled 400 series stainless steel catalyst cans. This weldment is made possible by using a newly-developed stabilized Ni-Fe-Mn-Cr-Cb welding wire called NI-ROD® Filler Metal 44HT. Durability testing of fabricated exhaust components under extreme dynamometer testing has shown that this welding material provides successful higher temperature performance by the ductile iron than that provided by previous weldments of the same iron.