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The large fleet share and rapid growth of two and three wheeler vehicles in India means that careful attention must be paid to reducing emissions and fuel consumption from these vehicles. Emission standards and emission control technologies employed in passenger vehicles have not fully migrated to two and three wheelers. Fuel economy standards and advanced fuel efficient technologies, which offer great potential for reducing sector energy consumption, have also not been implemented for this important mode of transportation. This paper contains an overview of the engine technology changes and after-treatment systems being employed by Indian two and three-wheeler manufacturers to meet the Bharat Stage-III emission standards. An assessment of technical options to meet future emission standards is discussed. Adoption of evaporative emissions and on-board diagnostic systems technologies are discussed as well.

Two-stroke engine two- and three-wheelers comprise over half of the total vehicle population in South Asia and, as such, are likely to be significant contributors to particulate air pollution in large cities. Because there are no standards for particulate emissions from two-stroke engine gasoline vehicles, there is very little data available quantifying their emission levels. This study examined the procedure for measuring particulate emissions from two-stroke engines which comprise predominantly liquid droplets, and measured mass emissions from in-use three-wheelers to examine the impact of the engine condition, lubricant type and quantity, and fuel quality. The results are compared to smoke emission levels.