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In future vehicles (e.g. fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles), the electrical system will have an important impact on the mechanical systems in the car (e.g. powertrain, steering). Furthermore, this coupling will become increasingly important over time. In order to develop effective designs and appropriate control systems for these systems, it is important that the plant models capture the detailed physical behavior in the system. This paper will describe models of two electrical components, a battery and a supercapacitor, which have been modeled in two ways: (i) modeling the plant and controller using block diagrams in Simulink and (ii) modeling the plant and controller in Dymola followed by compiling this model to an S-function for simulation in Simulink. Both the battery and supercapacitor model are based on impedance spectroscopy measurements and can be used for highly dynamic simulations.

A feasibility study is presented concerning detailed vehicle modeling, including submodels for engine, transmission mechanics and hydraulics, as well as three-dimensional chassis behavior. The study was conducted jointly by Ford Motor Company, Dynasim AB and DLR. The results demonstrate that complex behavioral models of each subsystem can be developed, used and validated independently from each other, and finally assembled together to an overall model. Therefore, this approach could be the basis to establish modeling standards that allow collaboration between model developers throughout the automotive industry.