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For a high speed Diesel engine , gas oil and lighter heavy oil are used in general, but, in order to reduce NOx (Nitorogine Oxide) in exhaust gas and also to prepare for the future world wide oil shortages, blends of alternative fuels, such as alcohols are of interest. These additive to Diesel engines have been studied for a long time in this institute, as well as in many other institutes in JAPAN. Here, the ignition temperature of blended gas oil and others, mixed with various alcohols (mainly ethanol) and Decanol or Isoamyl Ether, are measured independently to analyse the effect of this blending on the improvement of emission quality. Ethanol is of paticular interest because it is a fuel produced from all biomass including cereals, rice, corn, potatoes etc, crops widely produced in many places in the world, as seen in Figure 1.

Small swing-radius hydraulic excavators are often used in narrow construction areas, especially in cities. Operators are required to control the movement of the machine very accurately so as not to damage utility wires, trees, advertising signs, gas lines, underground electric wiring, water mains, and so on. The excavators are designed to warn the operator or stop completely when the machine comes close to a known hazard. To perform this function, the machine must be able to accurately monitor the location of the bucket and boom. Angle sensors are put on the joints of the arms and boom to monitor their angles. The bucket position can be calculated with the sensor outputs. Accuracy and rigidity are the most important features for these sensors. Additionally they must be rugged enough to survive in a severe construction environment. The sensor unit has a potentiometer with +/-0.5% independent linearity.