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The Diesel Dual Fuel (DDF) vehicle is one of the technologies to convert diesel vehicles for natural gas usage. The purpose of this research was to study the possibility of a DDF vehicle to meet emission standards for diesel vehicles. This research was done for small passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles. The exhaust emissions compliance of such vehicles in a New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) mode which was composed of Urban Driving Cycles (UDC) and an Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC) was evaluated. (see APPENDIXFigure A1) In this study, the passenger vehicle engine, compliant with the EURO4 standard, was converted to a DDF engine. Engine bench tests under steady state conditions showed similar result to previous papers. Total hydrocarbon (HC) emission was extremely high, compared to diesel engine. The NEDC mode emissions of the DDF vehicle were estimated based on these engine bench test results.

Atomization characteristics of an ultrasonic fuel injector using a micro nozzle array were improved by change of horn geometries. Micro nozzles whose exit diameter d = 3 µm are mounted on a thin metal film, and the number of micro nozzles was varied from 2.0 × 104 to 1.2 × 105. Gasoline is periodically pushed out from the micro nozzles at frequencies from 62 to 65 kHz. A disk type PZT (Lead zirconium titanate) is used as an ultrasonic oscillator, and the oscillation is amplified by an axi-symmetric step-type horn. The oscillation amplitude is proportional to the area ratio of the horn. The number of micro nozzles increases with the increase in the small end diameter of the horn, while the oscillation amplitude decreases at the same time. In order to increase the fuel flow rate, the horn small end diameter Ds was varied from 10.5 to 25 mm, while the large end diameter is fixed at 30 mm.

Effects of horn geometry on the atomization characteristics of an ultrasonic fuel injector using a micro nozzle array were investigated experimentally. Micro nozzles whose exit diameter d = 3 μm are mounted on a thin metal film. The number of the micro nozzles is from 2.0 × 104 to 1.2 × 105. Using an ultrasonic oscillator, gasoline is periodically pushed out from the micro nozzles at a frequency from 62 to 65 kHz. A disk type PZT (Lead zirconium titanate) is used as an ultrasonic oscillator, and the oscillation is amplified using a step-type horn. The input voltage to the PZT is varied from 0 to 200 V. To increase the fuel flow rate, the horn small end diameter DS is increased from 10.5 to 25 mm, while the large end diameter is fixed at 30 mm. To prevent forming a liquid film on the micro nozzle array, gutters are machined on the small end of the horn. It is shown that the SMD (Sauter mean diameter) of the spray is almost uniform around 10 to 14 μm.