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Spray characteristics of injectors depend on, among other factors, not only the level of turbulence upstream of the nozzle plate, but also on whether cavitation arises. "Bulk" cavitation, by which we mean cavitation which arises far from walls and thus far from streamline curvature associated with salient points on a wall, has not been investigated thoroughly experimentally and moreover it is quite challenging to predict by means of computational fluid dynamics. Information about the effect of the injector geometry on the formation of bulk cavitation and quantitative measurements of the flow field that promotes this phenomenon in gasoline injectors does not exist and this forms the background to this work. Evolution of bulk cavitation was visualized in two gasoline multi-hole injectors by means of a fast camera.

The spray characteristics of a gasoline injector depend not only on the physics of atomization of the liquid jet on exit from the nozzle plate but also on the level of turbulence generated by the internal flow, upstream of the nozzle plate, as well as on whether cavitation arises. Measurement of the internal flow field of an injector can thus provide useful information and can assist the evaluation of the accuracy of computer predictions of the flow and associated cavitation. Information about the flow field upstream of nozzle exits is, however, rare and this forms the background to this work. Two-Dimensional Micro Particle Imaging Velocimetry (μPIV) was employed to measure the internal flow field in planes parallel to a plane of symmetry of the injector, downstream of the needle valve centring boss of a 10:1 super-scale transparent model of an 8-nozzle gasoline injector, with exit model-nozzle diameters of 2mm and a fixed model-needle lift of 0.8mm.

Currently, weight reduction in automobiles is a serious concern and application of aluminum sheet is accelerated to meet this purpose. Inevitably, the painted aluminum sheet is required to have a good corrosion resistance. So it is necessary to evaluate the corrosion resistance of painted panels in short period of time. We thought that the outdoor exposure test in severe conditions was the best test for judging corrosion resistance of painted aluminum panel, and conducted the road tests of 4 routes in Japan and outdoor exposure test in Okinawa for two years and compared them to each other. The following resuts were obtained; (1) Atmosphere of outdoor exposure site was as follows; Outdoor exposure test accelerated the deterioration of paint film and simultaneous under paint film corrosion 4∼5 times faster than the road test.