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Simulation and the virtual environment are well established in aerospace design, manufacturing, maintenance, and repair Application of Virtual Reality (VR) infiltrates into every aspect of spacecraft development and astronaut training Several medical specialties have taken advantage of VR and advanced graphic imaging with their ability to better educate, simulate and demonstrate everything from surgical procedures to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations. A background in 3-D simulation is presented, with an overview of recent technical developments that have helped make VR what it is today. A foundation on human perception of static and dynamic 3-D environments in real life and simulation will be described to help understand needed fidelity improvements on existing VR systems. Works in progress with dynamic educational applications of VR and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are introduced.

A procedure for generating holograms directly from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data by computer is described. Computer Generated Holographic Magnetic Resonance (CGHMR) is breaking the ground for noninvasive histologic sampling. High fidelity, realistic three-dimensional imaging techniques allow for an increased conspicuity that adds a new dimension to diagnostic imaging, therapeutic guidance and medical education. With the advent of continually improving software, faster hardware, new display techniques, and important advances in fundamental algorithms, computer generated holograms have improved to the point at which they can be produced using sophisticated three dimensional data-sets such as those obtained from MRI. Virtual Reality (VR), Virtual Wind Tunnels and computer flight and space simulation, once strong competitors with holographic imaging, now work in concert with one another.