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Significant reductions in motor vehicle emissions are possible through the implementation of inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. However, the potential benefits of I/M are obviously not achieved when specific inspection requirements are ignored or improperly performed. In addition, I/M benefits may be substantially reduced when improper repair procedures are used on vehicles which fail the test. In order for the “theoretical” benefits of I/M to be achieved, certain program design and enforcement procedures are necessary. The use of instrumentation and data analysis methods capable of identifying individuals who are improperly performing inspections and repairs is critical.

Inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are intended to minimize motor vehicle emissions through the identification and repair of defective vehicles. Laboratory studies have indicated I/M has the potential to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by in excess of 25%; however, many of the I/M programs currently operating in the United States may be achieving only minimal emission reductions. In order for the “theoretical” benefits of I/M to be achieved, certain program design features and enforcement procedures are necessary. The important elements of an effective I/M program include stringent emission standards, effective inspection procedures, effective repair requirements, minimal use of waivers, an effective compliance mechanism, reasonable inspection fees, and data analysis and surveillance procedures that identify individuals who are improperly performing inspections and repairs.