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Long-duration space missions (LDMs) place unique demands on humans that can affect their adaptability to live and work in space. A study was conducted to identify the demands and critical skills needed to successfully cope with LDMs. Based on research and experiences in space and analogous environments, questionnaires were developed and administered to LDM experts who rated the criticality of non-technical mission demands and relevant astronaut skills. Findings revealed a group of critical proficiencies in which the level of criticality for LDM is different from short duration missions (SDMs). For example, specific proficiencies in the teamwork and group living categories assume greater importance during LDMs. These critical skills and job demands must be accounted for in upgrades to the tools and procedures used in the selection, training, and support of LDM astronauts.

Astronauts in upcoming International Space Station (ISS) missions will encounter unique environmental, social, and mission-related challenges typical of long-duration missions (LDMs). The need for crew members to possess and display skills and behaviors needed for successful adaptability to LDMs led us to upgrade the tools and procedures (e.g., psychological tests, structured interview) we use for astronaut selection. Various validation techniques were used to link upgraded selection tools to critical skills needed for LDM missions. The results of these validation efforts showed that various personality and biodata test variables are related to expert and interview ratings of critical LDM skills. Upgraded selection tools better address the critical skills, demands, and working conditions of LDM missions and facilitate the selection of astronauts who will more easily cope and adapt to LDM flights.