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Continued advances in the various elements that comprise the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are promoting a radically different approach to the aerodynamic design and analysis of aerospace vehicles and systems. The elements of CFD generally include numerical algorithm development, transition and turbulence modeling, surface modeling and grid generation, scientific visualization, and validation methodologies. This paper discusses the research progress and prospects for the future in each of these key elements within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) CFD and Experimental Validation Program. The applicability of computational methods for the purposes of understanding complex flow phenomena, exploring new aerodynamic concepts, and providing vehicle design input is also addressed.