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MAN and Shell have jointly investigated the effect of fuel properties on exhaust emissions from advanced engine technologies. MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, the Austrian subsidiary Steyr Nutzfahrzeuge AG and Deutsche Shell AG started this bilateral cooperation in 1990 with the objective of identifying key fuel properties that influence emissions from a MAN heavy-duty engine meeting the EURO-I legislation. The intention of that investigation was to determine the effect of cetane number, total and poly-aromatics content and backend distillation [T90] on particulates and gaseous emissions. In parallel both companies participated in the EPEFE (European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies) program which provided a broader understanding of fuel effects on emissions with different engine technologies under European test conditions.

An optimisation of the vehicle exterior with regard to the pedestrian accident is only sensible with a view of the main groups of pedestrians. Contrary to dummy tests, of which advantages as well as disadvantages are sufficiently known, the correlation of dummy versus living human body versus dead tissue is eliminated in the analysis of real accidents, but gets extended by the parameter of age. Compared with laboratory tests, this method suffers from the disadvantage of middle errors in the estimated initial data, for instance the collision speed of the vehicle, which vary with every accident. Based on 230 medically and technically thoroughly worked out single-case analyses of real pedestrian accidents, including 128 accidents involving children, the influence of various parameters of vehicles and traffic participants on kinematics, injury mechanisms, and traumatising of the pedestrian accident are outlined.