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A waste management system for an animal breeding/habitant module in CEEF is proposed. The waste management system consists of two subsystems, the urine treatment subsystem and the feces and daily waste treatment subsystem. Wet oxidation processes and a drying toilet process are used in those subsystems. The urine and the feces excreted from human beings and animals in the module are separately treated in order to collect NaCl from the urine. The urine is stored in the tank until the volume reaches a fixed level, and is sent to a wet oxidation process in the urine treatment subsystem. The liquid oxidized in the process is sent to a salinity recovery process to recover NaCl, and the produced gas is sent to a gas adjustment process. The salinity recovery process and the gas adjustment process are in another process.

The simulation test for the controlled ecological life support system is planned by Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES) of Japan. The purpose of this test is to confirm that in the closed space, the environmental and life support system is normally carried out. The establishments to perform the simulation test has been constructed at Rokkasho-mura village, Aomori prefecture, in Japan. We have been developed “Oxygen Recovery System” which decompose carbon dioxide (CO2) and regenerate oxygen(O2), for the simulation test. The oxygen recovery system consists of a equipment to reduce CO2 using the Sabatier method and a equipment to regenerate oxygen using water electrolysis method (Refer to Figure 1). And this reaction principle is as follows; The carbon dioxide is produced by the respiration of human, animals and plants. The carbon dioxide is reduced to methane and water using hydrogen in the first reaction.

The system design of the Nitrogen Fixation System (NFS) for CEEF has been carried out. The system is a fertilizer production process for plant cultivation from air and water. Newly developed technologies are adopted as key processes of the system. Use of physico-chemical methods made the total system compact, energy efficient and controllable. The NFS is completely self-confined and generating no unnecessary byproducts. The system has a applicability for future lunar or Mars base CELSS system.

The simulation test for the closed ecology experiment facility is planned by Institute for Environmental Sciences(IES) of Japan. The purpose of this test is to confirm that in the closed space, how the ecological factors influence the mass circulating system. The environmental and life support system in IES is based on the same principle as on the earth where the carbon dioxide produced by the respiration of human and animals is reduced to oxygen by the photosynthesis of the plants, but as an auxiliary system, artificial carbon dioxide reduction system is planned to be attached. This report describes about the loop test for the reduction of carbon dioxide using the Sabatier method: the reduction of carbon dioxide using hydrogen, the decomposition of produced methane and the water electrolysis. (See Figure 1)

A Closed Environmental Experiment Facility (CEEF) is a facility with an objective of the implementation of various experiments in order to practically study appropriate conditions to persons' long-term living in a closed space without any intake and discharge of materials. The detail design has been accomplished, and its construction is scheduled to launch within the fiscal year 1994. It will be operated by Institute for Environmental Science with the financial support of the Japanese Government. The Facility contains habitat module, animal feeding module, plantation module and their life support systems. The Plantation module is a facility where plants are cultivated to provide a person with food by hydroponics. At the present time seven kinds of plants are nominated as candidates to be cultivated there; Rice, Soybean, Sesame, Tomato, Komatsuna (Japanese tender-green mustard), Potato and Soba.

In the first half of the next century, Mankind will expand its sphere of existence to the Moon and space, and they will stand on Mars and study the other planets. Then, humans will inevitably be required to live for long periods, two years or more, in micro-gravity and/or low gravity environments. However, it is well known that such micro or low gravity environments adversely affect human physiology and psychology. The longer the period the greater such effects are and these can result in serious health problems. To improve living conditions in space by generating artificial gravity will be important to solving these problems.

Development of the Nitrogen Fixation System which is one of the subsystem of Closed Ecological Life Support System(CELSS) is necessary for the purpose of synthesizing nitrogen fertilizer, ammonia and ammonium nitrate, for plant cultivation in the closed system. Up to now, nitrogen fixation process has been established as ammonia synthesis using nitrogen and hydrogen in the industrial field, and ammonia is further oxidized to obtain the nitrate to be used for plant cultivation. The nitrogen fixation process consists of the subsystems for ammonia synthesis, ammonia separation, and nitric acid synthesis. Nowadays, this nitrogen fixation system has been put to practical use in the large commercial plant, however the system for CELSS is still developing technology. Considering such particular condition as for CELSS, it is needed for the total system to satisfy some important requirements such as safety, energy saving, compactness, maintainability and so on.

In a closed space system at a ground test facility with environmental control and life support system, carbon dioxide as the products of human and animals respiration is adsorbed and condensed by solid amine and desorbed by aqueous vapor (steam). The carbon dioxide is then reduced to methane and water using hydrogen. Oxygen is recovered from the produced water using an electrolytic system with a solid polymeric membrane and will be reused for respiration. This report describes the result of the fundamental research on individual technological elements: the reduction of carbon dioxide using hydrogen, the decomposition of produced methane and the water electrolysis.

In the Closed Ecological Life Support System ( CELSS ) concepts which have been proposed up to now, most of the foods to be provided to the crew have been based on plant and vegetable produce. In this paper, a snail breeding module which will serve, as a subsystem of CELSS, to provide the space crew with animal nutrients has been studied. As a source of nutrition for the crew, snails have various advantages over other animal species. Snails can normally be bred in a limited space and they are insensitive to the lack of oxygen and feed. In this breeding module, a species of snail ( Helix pomatia ) will grow, mature, mate and reproduce. In order to minimize the crew's work, automated operations for feeding, cleaning wastes, handling snails and their spawn, as well as for the maintenace of the module, will be applied. A submodule which processes snails for food production is also studied.

It is certain that in future space missions such as long-term stationing in a lunar base, the need for comfortable living quarters, quality varied meals, as well as exercise or sports, will become critically important for the crew's mental and physical well-being. Future lunar crews with clearly defined functions and tasks to be performed as part of a daily routine will have many hours of leisure time to spend reading, listening to music, watching TV or engaging in artistic activities including painting and playing musical instruments. This paper reports on the crew's needs for lunar base life in terms of food, clothing, housing, communication, and mental and physical requirements. We have divided each of these items, or sectors, into three parts; namely, basal life, passive pursuits, and active pursuits. It is our belief that human needs develop to a higher degree of freedom and options as the requirements expand from basal life to passive pursuits, and to active pursuits.