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The Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory at the Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, has recently created the “Collaborative Design Environment” (CoDE), a next-generation design facility supporting efficient, rapid-turnaround conceptual design. The CoDE combines cost-effective, off-the-shelf information technology with advanced design methodologies and tools in a customized, user-centered physical layout that harnesses the power of creative design teams. The CoDE will enable researchers to develop, test and apply new approaches to conceptual design, and to improve modeling and simulation fidelity. It will also support sponsored design projects as well as student teams participating in national design competitions.

The preparation of manned space exploration missions beyond Earth orbit requires precursor activities such as integrated space mission simulations at dedicated Earth-based analog facilities. In recent years, the Mars Society, with the support of private donors, has built several of these facilities. The lessons learned by the crews simulating planetary exploration activities on board those stations are generating a body of knowledge that can make a significant contribution to the design and operation of future planetary bases, as well as improve the next generation of such simulation facilities. Drawing from the author’s first-hand experience as a crewmember during the 2003 field season at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station, the Mars Society’s analog simulation facility on Devon Island in the Canadian High Arctic, this paper provides a compilation and first analysis of the crew’s experience.

Understanding the factors influencing crew performance under conditions of long-term isolation, confinement, high workload and elevated risk is an important prerequisite to the manned space exploration missions beyond low-Earth orbit that are planned under the new National Space Policy of the United States. Quantitatively tracking the performance of crews affected by those stressors is therefore crucial both during actual space missions and as part of precursor activities on the ground, such as those taking place at planetary-analog simulation facilities. During the summer of 2003, an experiment was carried out tracking the cognitive performance of the crew on board such a facility, the Mars Society’s “Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station” in the Canadian High Arctic. In addition to the self-administered computer-based testing, the crew’s daily activities were logged to enable the identification of external factors that might affect the observed performance.

Preparing for manned space exploration missions beyond Earth orbit requires precursor activities in the form of integrated mission simulations at dedicated Earth-based analog facilities such as the “Mars Desert Research Station”, a Mars-analog planetary surface base operated by the Mars Society in the deserts of southern Utah. Based on the author’s experience as executive officer, station engineer and medic during the first closed crew rotation at the “Mars Desert Research Station”, this paper documents some lessons learned for the design and operation of the next generation of analog bases and for actual future planetary outposts.

In an effort to define and advance the new discipline of Space Architecture, the AIAA technical subcommittee on Aerospace Architecture organized a Space Architecture Workshop that took place during the World Space Congress 2002 in Houston, Texas. One of the results of this workshop is a “Mission Statement for Space Architecture” that addresses the following core issues in a concise manner: definition, motivation, utility, required knowledge, and related disciplines. The workshop also addressed the typology and principles of space architecture, as well as basic philosophical guidelines for practitioners of this discipline. The mission statement, which was unanimously adopted by the workshop participants, reads as follows ([1], [2], [3]): “Space Architecture is the theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space, responding to the deep human drive to explore and occupy new places.

Sustained crew performance under conditions of isolation, confinement and increased risk is a key contributor to the success of manned space exploration missions. Measuring crew performance and identifying the factors affecting it is therefore crucial both during actual space missions and as part of precursor activities on the ground. Planetary analog bases play an important role in this context. These integrated simulation facilities allow the operational, hardware, and human side of all mission-related elements to be combined, and thus permit the capturing of interactions among these elements. The crew on board such a station is exposed to stressors and other conditions similar to those encountered during space missions. Planetary analog bases therefore represent a valuable resource for better understanding the dynamics of crew performance.

To allow for the assessment of synergistic subsystem interactions during the conceptual design phase of manned spacecraft and space stations, an existing software tool was improved to permit integrated modeling and simulation of a space station's life support system and attitude and orbit control system. This facilitates early estimation of potential reductions in resupply mass - and life-cycle cost - as well as the assessment of increases in operational flexibility through incorporation of synergisms into the conceptual design. The created interactive tool is based on a user-friendly graphical programming language and can therefore be used by conceptual designers and engineering students alike.

This paper describes an interdisciplinary approach to the conceptual design of space stations. Two key ingredients define it: a human-centered design approach, and a habitat attitude towards inhabited space structures. Both have their roots in terrestrial architecture, which represents centuries of experience in the design of human-centered habitats. The paper documents how an interdisciplinary conceptual design process was developed by improving an existing validated engineering methodology for the conceptual design of space stations by adding elements from architectural practice. An initial space station design project using this approach shows promising results.

A new software tool, MELISSA, has been developed for the simulation of life-support systems and other network-type subsystems. MELISSA features an intuitive graphical modeling environment and interactive simulation execution. Applications of MELISSA range from the analysis and validation of new ECLSS designs, to parametric optimization studies, to failure mode effects and criticality analysis of life-support systems. Additionally, MELISSA can be employed for training ECLSS developers and users, and as a teaching tool for lectures and seminars on systems design. As a demonstration, an ECLSS similar to the one of the International Space Station has been modeled and simulated.