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An Articulated Total Body frontal crash simulation was created with the dummy's right foot placed on the brake pedal. This study examined how interaction of the driver's foot with the brake pedal influenced the behavior of the lower extremities in frontal collisions. Braking parameters considered in the study included foot position on the pedal, whether or not the occupant's muscles were tensed and if the brake pedal was rigid or was allowed to depress. Two basic foot positions were identified as most likely to induce injury of the lower limb. One represented a foot that was pivoted about the heel from the gas pedal to the brake pedal. The other position replicated a foot that was lifted from the gas pedal to the brake pedal, resulting in an initial gap between the heel and floor. Both positions resulted in different loads and behavior of the foot, indicating that driver pre-impact position is a contributing factor to one's injury risk.

Three-dimensional simulation models of a driver's right upper extremity interacting with a deploying airbag have been set up and run with the Articulated Total Body program. The goal of this study is to examine the significance of various occupant and airbag parameters during deployment, such as grip strength, upper extremity position, shoulder compliance, flap position, flap aggressivity, and deployment speed. Given a range of 250 N to 650 N, the grip strength did not affect the resultant loads. Also, the contact force and torque at the e.g. of the forearm are not sensitive to shoulder joint compliance. The flap aggressivity and the position of the airbag module relative to the upper extremity are most important in affecting the interaction. This study is used to justify cadaveric experiments involving disarticulated upper extremities.