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Organic tin compounds were examined as replacements for the hardening catalyst function of lead in order to produce a lead-free cationic E-coat. The mechanism of the decline in adhesion, at the interface between the anti-chip primer and the primer surfacer, when an organic tin compound migrated to the anti-chip primer layer, was determined. Monobutyl tin compounds were found to have the lowest mobility within the film of organic tin compounds capable of functioning as hardening catalysts. A lead-free E-coat, employing a monobutyl tin compound, demonstrated no decline in adhesion, and the performance of the film was equivalent to that of conventional E-coat.

In October 1998, a new mass-produced car with titanium engine-valves was released from TOYOTA Motor Corporation. Both intake and exhaust valves were manufactured via a newly developed cost-effective P/M forging process. Furthermore, the material which was specially designed for the exhaust one is a unique titanium metal matrix composite (MMC). This paper discusses the materials and manufacturing methods used. The tensile, fatigue strength and creep resistance of the MMC are always superior to those for the typical heat-resistant steel of 21-4N. Both valves have achieved sufficient durability and reliability with a manufacturing cost acceptable for mass-produced automobile parts.