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Effects of fuel properties, in terms of the 90% boiling point (T90) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, as well as oxidation catalysts on diesel exhaust emissions have been examined using three direct injection (DI) diesel engines and two diesel passenger cars equipped with oxidation catalysts. The diesel emission tests using two series of test fuels, one for examining the effects of the T90 and another for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have indicated that total hydrocarbons (THC) and particulate matter (PM) decrease as the T90 is reduced. PM and THC were also found to be on a declining trend with a decreasing content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The extent of these effects of fuel properties on exhaust emissions varied with engine and car models, and appeared to be smaller in engines or cars having lower exhaust emissions.

A Double-Layered Super-Twisted Nematic (D-STN) LCD was developed for application in an automotive information display requiring the presentation of both character and symbolic information. Cell parameters were optimized to minimize the background transmission and to widen the operating temperature range. A contrast ratio exceeding 50:1 was achieved for temperature range of -30°C to 80°C. The viewing angle was found to be comparable to a conventional Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD multiplexed with a 1/2 duty cycle. Electro-optical properties, such as temperature dependence of the driving voltage and the response time have also been described.

The relation between device parameters and characteristics of VHC (Very High Contrast) LCD are described. In order to obtain high contrast ratio and wide viewing angle, the following parameters must be considered. cell gap optical anisotropy of liquid crystal material precise directions of polarization axes twist angle of liquid crystal The optimization of these parameters enabled the development of a VHC LCD which can be set obliquely in a dashboard to prevent surface reflections of the sun light. In this case, retardation of the support films of the polarizers must be taken into account. With control of the retardation, the driving voltage of the cell was reduced.

A NEW MODE of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) without active element may be suitable for automotive reformattable dot matrix information center is introduced. A basic construction is a pair of two LCD panels, one is for scanning to display information, another is for optical compensation of the scanning display panel to establish a black and white color. Typical optical characteristics and structure of the display are explained and also its actual application, a 6″ diagonal multicolor information center, is presented. And its structure and future possibility is shown. Present restriction which must be removed is also discussed.

At the market places, a new requirement in LCD is increasing. This may be an incident to show that a first generation of LCD cluster is getting ended. This paper summarizing a general specification of so-called “first generation” LCD cluster and shows various modes of LCDs which are never explained in this session. In addition to the above, a better application of each mode of LCDs is shown. Recent developments in TN dye system and related peripheral technologies are also introduced. And new approach in TN display, M-TN, is introduced and its electro-optical and dynamic characteristics are shown.

THIS PAPER describes a design guide for a driving Integrated Circuit (IC) of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) for automotive application. Many LCD Driver ICs are now available at market places, however, most of the ICs are not very suitable to advanced automotive LCD. This paper describes important parameters of both LCD and its driving IC to optimize display performances.