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The objective of this work was the development of a real-time capable in-cylinder pressure based diesel engine-out PM estimator. Two types of experimental passenger car DI diesel engines, equipped with in-cylinder pressure sensors have been used for the PM estimator development. Measurements have been taken during steady state and transient operation on an engine test bench. Using the Engine ECU signals and in-cylinder pressure data new parameters have been derived and used as inputs for an exponential zero dimensional modeling approach. Good correlation between the estimated and measured PM has been achieved for various experiments, not only for steady state operation points but also for transient measurements. Particularly, the model delivers good qualitative results, as well as good quantitative results in some regions. PM gradients, that is, the tendency of PM to increase or decrease from one engine operating point to another are represented successfully.

The focus of this work was to determine the influence of spray targeting on temperature distributions, combustion progress and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at cold operating conditions, and to show the capability of model and full engine tests adapted for different measurement techniques. A comprehensive study applying endoscopic visualization, infrared thermography, combustion and emission measurements was carried out in a 4-stroke 4-cylinder 16-valve production engine with intake port injection during different engine operating conditions including injection angle and timing. In addition 2D visualization and PIV measurements were performed in a back-to-back model test section with good optical access to the intake manifold and the combustion chamber. The measurements in both set ups were in good agreement and show that model tests could lead to useful findings for a real engine.