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Today's laws require that specific diagnostic information be made available on all vehicles manufactured on or after 1994 and sold in the United States. This information is typically available to a portable test device (Scan Tool) that is by necessity, external to the vehicle under test. Since this tool is not a part of the vehicle, it's very nature indicates that it should be portable and battery operated. Usually it is connected to the test vehicle's required female J1962 connector. The interface must conform to the standard pin assignments as designated by the appropriate SAE document.

New semiconductor chips have been developed that will allow radio designers to reduce the chip count and gain performance advantages. One chip, the uPD1713G, contains a four bit CMOS microprocessor controller, prescaler, PLL, IF counters, I/O capability and direct AM and FM input. The uPC1296G contains an RF amplifier, mixer, oscillator, IF amplifier, AGC circuitry and signal meter output. These chips can be combined to make a three chip, digitally tuned AM car radio.