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The DETR/SMMT/CONCAWE Particulate Research Programme was designed to investigate the effects of vehicle/engine technology level, fuel specification and various operating conditions on emissions of particle mass, number and size. Results from the heavy duty part of the programme and details of the measuring protocols have already been published. This paper gives the results of the light duty study. This consisted of six vehicles and eight fuels covering gasoline, Diesel and LPG technologies. These six vehicles represented Euro II (1996) and Euro III (2000) technologies. Diesel fuels included EN590 (1996), EN590 (2000), UK ultra low sulphur Diesel (UK ULSD) and Swedish Class I Diesel, while gasoline fuels comprised EN228 (1996), EN228 (1999) and UK ultra low sulphur gasoline (UK ULSG).

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in mass and number based heavy duty diesel engine particle emissions with respect to various test conditions, engine technologies and fuel specifications. Comparative particle size data and regulated particulate matter are presented from three heavy duty engines and three fuels. This paper describes results from the DETR/CONCAWE/SMMT Particle Research Programme. Three heavy duty diesel (HDD) engines representing Euro I, II and III technologies were tested with a range of fuels. These fuels included UK ultra low sulphur diesel (UK-ULSD), EN590 (EU2000) specification and Swedish Class I fuels. Continuing research suggests that when changes in regulated particulate mass emissions are compared to both individual mode and total cycle mass and number weighted particle size distributions there is often no significant correlation. In an attempt to provide further data in this area the following measurement methodology was adopted.

This paper describes the observed effects of parameters such as tunnel dilution ratio, test procedures and measurement methods on particle emissions. Attention is drawn to the transient behavior of nanoparticles within real legislated cycle conditions using conventional dilution systems. The aim of the paper is to communicate the limitations of widely used measurement equipment to enable a more confident interpretation of the particle size data. The paper describes the information obtained during the DETR/CONCAWE/SMMT Particle Research Programme with regard to the sampling and measurement of particles emitted from light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines. Light duty vehicles were tested on gasoline, diesel and LPG, while heavy duty engines were tested on both diesel and compressed gaseous fuels. Two Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) instruments were employed in order to cover a measurement range from a lower limit of ∼7nm up to ∼710nm.

The diesel combustion process involves complex physical and chemical processes. Given this complexity it is not surprising that a wide range of fuel effects on emissions are reported in the literature. In the European Auto/Oil study the EPEFE programme showed that interactions between fuel and engine hardware could partially explain the observed emissions effects. Variations in fuel physical properties can lead to variations in injection timing, fuel delivery, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and other parameters. To understand fuel effects on emissions it is clear that we need to separate these different mechanisms. In this programme a modem, electronically controlled, direct-injection (DI) passenger car engine has been studied using a sophisticated test bed system which makes it possible to monitor and control all key engine variables. Seven fuels were tested, including four varying in density and poly-aromatics content taken from the EPEFE programme.