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Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) represent a robust and accurate solution to study the in-use emissions of combustion engines. The application of PEMS is now ranging from large engines to the smallest light-duty vehicles. The current commercially available PEMS exhibit measurement performances that are close to the ones of laboratory grade systems; when PEMS data are analysed with an adequate method, the test results allow a detailed insight into the on-road emissions performance of the vehicles with respect to their behaviour on the standard laboratory test cycles. The development of representative test cycles, which has become a typical approach in the last years, supposed to address special driving situations, now becomes less efficient because of the effort needed for their development and the poor representativeness of the results. In this light, PEMS testing offers an easy and efficient way to evaluate the vehicle emissions over a huge variety of conditions.

Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) are becoming an important regulatory tool to monitor the in-use compliance of large sources like heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) or non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). Legislative research programmes in Europe, United States and Japan are introducing PEMS in the regulations. The application of PEMS to light-duty vehicles (LDVs) is not part of or driven by official legislative requirements. However, as the vehicle-engine operation points in the laboratory test cycles are limited, emissions and fuel consumption under real world driving conditions can differ significantly from those measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The present paper discusses the application of PEMS to real-world emission measurements of passenger cars, under the light of the existing instruments and test protocols already developed for heavy-duty vehicles. Data are reported for a measurement campaign carried out in downtown Milan.

Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) are becoming part of the emissions control regulations, as evidenced by the latest requirements introduced in the United States regulations for on-highway and non-road machinery. The European Union is currently following the same route to check the in-use behaviour of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The current research programmes tend to demonstrate that both the instrumentation and the test methods are mature for gaseous emissions. For PM emissions, the development of portable PM instruments and their test protocols remain a complex challenge, as simultaneous progress take place in the engine after-treatment technologies and the official homologation procedures (the PMP programme in particular). The present paper discusses the current research strategy proposed in the EU for the development of an on-board PM test protocol. Case studies from the EU-PEMS project are presented.

The total particulate emissions, particle mass and number/size distributions of two modern diesel vehicles, were measured during the ECE15+EUDC test cycle and constant speed tests at idle, 32, 50 and 120 km/h. One car was equipped with a standard direct injection rotary pump while the other was equipped with the common-rail technology. The emissions were tested with the cars running on a “standard” and on a “clean” sulphur-free, low aromatics and low density diesel fuel. It was seen that the common rail engine was emitting significantly less particle mass than the standard direct injection engine. The use of the clean fuel improved all emission but the CO2 and NOx. Finally, the use of Low-Pressure Impactors and of a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer resulted in valuable information on the size distribution of particles emitted by the vehicles.