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The CBR [1] (Controlled Burn Rate) is a port deactivation concept developed by AVL and is already applied in series production cars. The benefit of this concept is the low engine-out emission (CO, HC and NOx) and good fuel economy. By creating turbulent kinetic energy at the correct time and place in the combustion chamber a rapid and stable combustion occurs which allows to run the engine well above a Lambda Excess Air Ratio of 1.5. The CBR system features two different intake ports, one charge motion port and one filling port. Additionally a device for port-deactivation (slider, butterfly) is applied. At part load points and lower engine speeds the filling port is switched off. The CBR concept was now evoluted for compact engines as CCBR - with carburetor and as CBR Light - for engines with electronic fuel injection. CCBR stands for Carbureted Controlled Burn Rate.

Four new 2-cylinder 4-stroke concepts are displayed as design and fitted in vehicles. These four different concepts comprise a Modular Concept V2- and W3-cylinder a MotoGP / Superbike concept with 2 and 3 cylinders, a narrow angle V-engine and a Building Block System Commuter CVT engine. Each engine concept is designed to meet the different requirements of the four segments. Specific analysis and simulation concerning 1D thermodynamics, vehicle simulation and delivered performance and tractive force was done for each concept. The concepts are compared in the aspects of uniform rotation, inertia forces and moments, and the effect on performance by the pulse effects of the manifolded intake and exhaust systems. The Modular Concept contains an OHC engine with a wide range of displacements and commonality of many parts. Good versatility is obtained as the concepts can be applied for sport- or custom bikes.

The development history of a 30cc 2-stroke engine power unit in the covered rear wheel for retrofit into standard bicycle chassis. The rear wheel acts as cooling fan for the air cooled long stroke engine with catalyst exhaust system, autochoke carburetor, autolube oil pump, electric start and inertia start, single speed automatic transmission and 7 speed hub final drive. The space in the rear wheel contains intake air filter, exhaust system, fuel tank, oil tank and engine with drive train, the complete engine being only 94mm wide. The complete covered power unit is nearly undetectable as the rear wheel covers resemble road racing bicycles. There is very low stationary and pass-by noise (64 db[A]), no exhaust gas opacity or smell, very low vibration level and very good fuel economy up to 133 km/l.

The market for handheld engines such as chainsaws, brush-cutters and for 2-wheeler applications like scooters, mopeds and minimum transportation vehicles shows a strong tendency towards 4-stroke application due to environmental and image reasons. The ranking of the priorities like Weight - Cost - Performance in these engines differs and beside this the fulfillment of the legal requirements for pollutant emission, noise and the expected fuel economy lead to a different approach for the layout of the cylinder-heads showing different optimum solutions dependant on the casting technology, whether pressure die cast or with sand cores. The variations include the number of valves from two to four and the arrangement of the valves and spark plugs. The porting and combustion chamber layout, including data for flow rate and charge movement concepts, are stipulated for the cylinder bore of 41 mm.