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Investigations were performed, in which the emission behavior of renewable and conventional fuels of different composition and renewable fuel components was observed. The influence of the start of injection on the emissions at WOT was investigated. This shows how much wall and valve wetting as well as the available evaporation time affects the mixture formation of the different fuels. Further, the air fuel ratio in an operating point for catalytic converter heating, with medium engine temperatures, was varied. This shows the ability of evaporation of the fuels at engine warm-up conditions and sub-stochiometric λ-values. The studied fuels were four fuel mixtures of significantly different composition of which three were compliant with the European fuel standard EN 228. A RON 98 in-field fuel, a Euro 6 reference fuel, an Anti-Spark-Fouling (ASF) fuel (designed for minimum soot production) and a potentially completely renewable, thus CO2-neural, fuel, which is designed by Dr. Ing. h.c.

Regulations around the globe are driving the adoption of alternative fuels and vehicles through the implementation of stricter standards aimed at reducing carbon footprint and criteria emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions. Low emission zones have been implemented across Europe which restrict access by some vehicles with the aim of improving the air quality. The Paris Agreement on climate change declared governments’ intentions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as outlined in each country’s nationally determined contribution. Providing affordable energy to support prosperity while reducing environmental impacts, including the risks of climate change, is the dual challenge for the energy and transport industries.

Investigations were performed, in which fuels and fuel components were compared regarding gaseous as well as particulate number (PN) emissions. The focus on the selection of the fuel components was set on the possibility of renewable production, which lead to Ethanol, as the classic bio-fuel, Isopropanol, Isobutanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). As fuels, a Euro 6 (EU6) reference fuel, an anti-spark-fouling (ASF) fuel, a European Super Plus (RON 98) in-field fuel and a potentially completely renewable fuel, which was designed by Porsche AG (named POSYN), were chosen. The composition of the fuels differs significantly which results in large differences in the exhaust gas emissions. The fuels, except ASF, are compliant with the European fuel standard EN 228.The experiments chosen were a variation of the start of injection (SOI) at different load points at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm, amongst others.

Due to increasing interest in air quality concerns, worldwide legislation towards lower particle emissions is getting more and more stringent. Because of this, the development towards even cleaner internal combustion engines (ICE) with Spark Ignition (SI) is of upmost importance. Along with the development targeting higher efficiency and specific power output, Direct Injection (DI) technology became more and more important than Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and is one of the main SI engine development fields. SI engine mixture preparation (PFI or DI) and combustion produce much lower particle raw emissions than Diesel engines, but these emissions also have to be reduced to fulfill worldwide legislation and customer expectations. In this paper the focus lies on the analysis and development methods used to drastically reduce particle emissions in a gasoline-fueled DI SI engine.

0 VarioCam Plus, by combining switchable valve lift curves with variable valve timing, allows a variable engine (two-in-one engine concept) to be realized, which yields maximum power and torque on the one hand and low pollutant emissions and fuel consumption on the other. This concept has been designed to largely exploit the inherent potential of fully variable valve timing systems. The durability of the new mechanical components has been optimized and a new Motronic engine management system has been developed to account for the various control functions for the variable valve lift switching system