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Biomechanical analysis of Indy car crashes using on-board impact recorders (Melvin et al. 1998, Melvin et al. 2001) indicates that Indy car driver protection in high-energy crashes can be achieved in frontal, side, and rear crashes with severities in the range of 100 to 135 G peak deceleration and velocity changes in the range of 50 to 70 mph. These crashes were predominantly single-car impacts with the rigid concrete walls of oval tracks. This impressive level of protection was found to be due to the unique combination of a very supportive and tight-fitting cockpit-seating package, a six-point belt restraint system, and effective head padding with an extremely strong chassis that defines the seat and cockpit of a modern Indy car. In 2000 and 2001, a series of fatal crashes in stock car racing created great concern for improving the crash protection for drivers in those racecars.

For many years, turned-down guardrail terminals have been constructed as a safety treatment for W-beam guardrails. This terminal is designed to drop down and allow vehicles impacting the end of the barrier to slowly ride up onto the guardrail and come to a controlled stop. However, testing has indicated that the rail element does not always release properly, thereby causing mini-size vehicles to rollover. This research study involved the development of several retrofit concepts for the turned-down guardrail terminal. The primary focus of this effort involved the development of a mechanism that allows the W-beam rail element to release at a lower force and thereby improve its performance during small car impacts. The major focus of this paper is to share the complicated modeling effort required for successful simulation of the vehicle-guardrail impact and its' redesign.