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Air Traffic Services (ATS) and Airline Operational Control (AOC) have developed independently as higher-level management functions to address separate, but related concerns of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the airlines, respectively. In today’s National Air Space (NAS), most interactions are limited to the results of unilateral decisions and communication of chosen options, with very little information about the objectives, constraints, processes, or rationale for those decisions being exchanged. However, the underlying philosophy of Air Traffic Management (ATM) and AOC is changing and the system is becoming much more collaborative. Increasingly, the military is beginning to be a key user in the overall NAS community, as well as in the global airspace community. As the concepts of free flight begin to emerge, military users will need to employ methods and technologies in use by commercial airspace users for both ground and air.