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Significant improvements in thermal management system technologies will be required to support NASA's planned Lunar and Mars missions. These advances will include: the introduction of advanced materials for the reduction of radiator masses and enhanced survivability, and use of alternative working fluids. Existing thermal management systems use single phase pump looped radiators and two- phase heat pipes fabricated with metallic casings to reliably transport waste heat from spacecraft and reject it to space. As the system requirements change to emphasize both increased thermal management and survivability requirements, these metal thermal management systems will become mission limiting.