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Currently used instruments for the analysis of total inorganic carbon (TIC) and total organic carbon (TOC) in water and wastewater samples require the use of hazardous chemicals which is not acceptable in their application for long-term space missions. A new design concept of the “reagentless” carbon analyzer (RCA) for determination of both TIC and TOC for water quality monitoring in space is proposed and tested. The concept is based on generating all the chemicals needed for the TIC and TOC analysis within the instrument, and avoiding the need for storing a supply of chemicals. The chemicals are either generated or recirculated in the instrument, or an alternative approach for their use is developed, such as using photocatalytic oxidation instead of oxidizing chemicals for TOC analysis. The fully developed miniaturized instrument will incorporate microfluidic based design principles.

Maintaining a healthy atmosphere in closed life support systems is essential for the crew well being and the success of manned space missions. During the SBIR Phase I effort, Lynntech, Inc., developed a bench scale trace contaminant control (TCC) system utilizing a photocatalytic filter. Testing successfully demonstrated the technology feasibility for eliminating airborne chemicals and microorganisms. During the SBIR Phase II project, a scaled-up, fully operational breadboard system is being developed and tested. Testing gases include chemicals significantly present in the International Space Station cabin air and that are drivers in the design of trace contaminant control systems. The use of Lynntech’s air cleaner allows for a system that is cost-effective and functional with a superior removal of gas pollutants and bio-aerosols from contaminated air streams beyond the capabilities of traditional photocatalysis. It also overcomes limitations of current TCC systems.

Monitoring the quality of astronaut potable and hygiene water is one of the highest priorities of a regenerative life support system for manned space missions to the ISS, Moon, Mars, and other remote locations. Real-time monitoring allows analysis of water processing from wastewater to potable water and would enable the rapid diagnosis and correction of a processing failure if a water-related health issue were to arise. Among detectors used to monitor recycled water quality, a total organic carbon (TOC) instrument or its functional equivalent should be used to assess the organic contaminant level. Through the NASA Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program, Lynntech has developed a novel, mesofluidic Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOCA) for real-time monitoring of water quality. It has been designed for an operational lifetime of 5 years with no maintenance required and no need to supply reagents or water.

Potable and hygiene water availability is a critical requirement for long-duration manned space missions. Frequent water quality testing helps to ensure astronaut health by providing needed feedback on the effectiveness of on-board water purification units. One of the most basic and broad-spectrum indicators of contamination is organic carbon concentration. To meet the need for water quality feedback on the International Space Station (ISS), as well as on planned missions to Luna and Mars, Lynntech is developing a mesofluidic total organic carbon analyzer (TOCA) through the NASA SBIR program. The unit has been designed to operate in the demanding environment of a long-duration manned space mission and addresses the issues of microgravity operation, an operating lifetime of 5 years, low power consumption, simple user interface, robust architecture, and inherent safety.

This paper addresses the development of a novel technology to simultaneously reduce total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial count (MC) in biological water processor (BWP) processed water. This approach also creates a biocidal environment in BWP processed water before being fed into the reverse osmosis (RO) and post processing systems. The technology is based on an advanced oxidation process using an on-demand oxidizer generator, which does not require consumable chemicals. The SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) Phase I feasibility studies successfully demonstrated the process efficacy in the reduction of both TOC and MC of the BWP effluent. Also, the residual disinfectant and reduced TOC in the treated effluent minimized fouling the RO membrane and water lines. In the Phase II project, a prototype is being fabricated and evaluated for its ability to reduce TOC and MC, and extend RO membrane life.