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Computer simulations are compared with measurements of the three-dimensional, unsteady scavenging flows of a motored, crankcase-scavenged, two-stroke engine. Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements were made on a modified Suzuki DT-85 ported engine. Calculations were performed using KIVA-3, a computer program that efficiently solves the transfer and exhaust port flows along with those in the cylinder. Measured and computed cylinder pressures and velocities are compared. Pressures agree well over the cycle as do the velocities at the transfer port/cylinder interface. In-cylinder velocities differ in detail, but the tumbling motion in the cylinder is well replicated in a vertical plane passing through the cylinder axis.

Since its public release in 1985, the K1VA computer program has been used for the time dependent analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays in two and three space dimensions. This paper describes some of the improvements to the original version that have been made since that time. The new code, called KIVA-II, is planned for public release in early 1988. KIVA-II improves the earlier version in the accuracy and efficiency of the computational procedure, the accuracy of the physics submodels, and in versatility and ease of use. Numerical improvements include the use of the ICE solution procedure in place of the acoustic subcycling method and the implementation of a quasi-second-order-accurate convection scheme. Major extensions to the physical submodels include the inclusion of an optional k-ε turbulence model, and several additions to the spray model. We illustrate some of the new capabilities by means of example solutions.

We present a method for calculating drop aerodynamic breakup in engine sprays. A short history is first given of the major milestones in the development of the stochastic particle method for calculating liquid fuel sprays. The most recent advance has been the discovery of the importance of drop breakup in engine sprays. We present a new method, called the TAB method, for calculating drop breakup. Some theoretical properties of the method are derived; its numerical implementation in the computer program KIVA is described; and comparisons are presented between TAB-method calculations and experiments and calculations using another breakup model.

We present and analyze three-dimensional calculations of the spray, mixing and combustion in the UPS-292 stratified charge engine for three different operating conditions, corresponding to overall air-fuel ratios between 22.4 and 61.0. The numerical calculations are performed with KIVA, a multidimensional arbitrary-mesh, finite-difference hydrodynamics program for internal combustion engine applications. The calculations use a mesh of 10,000 computational cells. Each operating condition is calculated from intake valve closure at 118° BTDC to 90° ATDC and requires approximately three hours of CRAY-XMP computer time. Combustion occurs primarily in the wake of the spark plug, and to include the effects of the spark plug on the flow field, we use a novel internal obstacle treatment. The methodology, in which internal obstacles are represented by computational particles, promises to be applicable to the calculation of the flows around intake and exhaust valves.

The effectiveness of scavenging, the displacement of residual combustion gases with fresh air, is examined in an advanced, high power-density diesel engine, consisting of a two-stroke, opposed-piston reciprocator with an ultra-high boost. KIVA-3, a three-dimensional code for modeling reactive flows with fuel injection, is used to study the effect of a variety design choices on scavenging. The parametric study includes the inclined angle of the intake ports, the exhaust port timing and size and the piston stroke-to-bore ratio. A baseline geometry of the opposed-piston engine is examined in detail, which models an existing mono-cylinder test rig. The baseline-design exhibits large asymmetries, nonsteady flow and large recirculation regions that degrade the scavenging. Significant improvement in the scavenging of the baseline design is observed with a uniform inclined angle of the inlet ports of about 20° and with a larger stroke-to-bore ratio (2.0 compared with 1.08).