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Long-duration space missions (LDMs) place unique demands on humans that can affect their adaptability to live and work in space. A study was conducted to identify the demands and critical skills needed to successfully cope with LDMs. Based on research and experiences in space and analogous environments, questionnaires were developed and administered to LDM experts who rated the criticality of non-technical mission demands and relevant astronaut skills. Findings revealed a group of critical proficiencies in which the level of criticality for LDM is different from short duration missions (SDMs). For example, specific proficiencies in the teamwork and group living categories assume greater importance during LDMs. These critical skills and job demands must be accounted for in upgrades to the tools and procedures used in the selection, training, and support of LDM astronauts.

Astronauts in upcoming International Space Station (ISS) missions will encounter unique environmental, social, and mission-related challenges typical of long-duration missions (LDMs). The need for crew members to possess and display skills and behaviors needed for successful adaptability to LDMs led us to upgrade the tools and procedures (e.g., psychological tests, structured interview) we use for astronaut selection. Various validation techniques were used to link upgraded selection tools to critical skills needed for LDM missions. The results of these validation efforts showed that various personality and biodata test variables are related to expert and interview ratings of critical LDM skills. Upgraded selection tools better address the critical skills, demands, and working conditions of LDM missions and facilitate the selection of astronauts who will more easily cope and adapt to LDM flights.

Long duration NASA-Mir program missions, and the planned International Space Station missions, have given impetus for NASA to implement an operational program of psychological preparation, monitoring, and support for its crews. For exploration missions measured in years, the importance of psychological issues increases exponentially beyond what is currently done. Psychologists' role should begin during the vehicle design and crew selection phases. Extensive preflight preparation must focus on individual and team adaptation, and leadership. Factors such as lack of resupply options and communication delays will alter in-flight monitoring and support capabilities, and require a more self-sufficient crew. Involvement in postflight recovery will also be necessry to ensure appropriate reintegration to the family and job.

Until recently, the role of psychological preparation and support for astronauts has been minimal due to the short duration of shuttle missions. With the onset of the International Space Station (ISS), NASA Johnson Space Center's Medical Operations Branch has initiated a program of preflight training, in-flight monitoring and support, and postflight recovery activities to address psychological issues of long-duration missions. Psychological selection and screening of astronaut applicants also is becoming increasingly important as crews are required to spend several months in relative isolation and confinement. Psychological preparation and support methods are being based, in part, on activities being developed and implemented for, and lessons from, the current U.S.-Russian program.