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The feasibility of improving the energy efficiency of Electric Vehicles (EV) by manipulating operation points by means of a variable transmission is investigated with an efficient mathematical model of power losses in all driveline components. Introduced model can be solved in real-time making it possible to embed it to a control scheme of EV. Empirical test results are employed to derive the efficiency of the power electronics and electric motor at operation points while the mechanical power losses are predicted by a comprehensive and generic formulation for efficiency analysis. The simulation model used comprises electrical component efficiency, drivetrain inertias, gearbox efficiency, regenerative braking, and gear ratio selection. Three different transmission types are studied in this work; a single reduction gear, a five-step gearbox and an Infinitely Variable Transmission.

The present paper introduces a method based on dynamic simulation for determining the cyclic stresses in a hydraulically driven log crane. A detailed simulation model that defines a log crane was constructed. The simulation model incorporates a flexible spatial mechanism and a complicated hydraulic circuit. The complete simulation model was built up in the ADAMS mechanical analysis software environment in which the flexible mechanism model and the equations describing the hydraulic system were combined. The complete simulation model was verified by comparing actual measurements to numerical results. This comparison shows that there is a clear correspondence between the simulated and measured results. It was thus shown that it is possible to create a simulation model which can be used realistically for determining stresses in fatigue analysis. The obtained model was employed in the study of the fatigue stresses which are formed when the crane is being loaded.