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It has been reported that lower extremity injuries represent a measurable portion of all moderate-to-severe automobile crash- related injuries. Thus, a simple tool to assist with the design of leg and foot injury countermeasures is desirable. The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model which can predict load propagation and kinematics of the foot and leg in frontal automotive impacts. A multi-body model developed at the University of Virginia and validated for blunt impact to the whole foot has been used as basis for the current work. This model includes representations of the tibia, fibula, talus, hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot bones. Additionally, the model provides a means for tensioning the Achilles tendon. In the current study, the simulations conducted correspond to tests performed by the Transport Research Laboratory and the University of Nottingham on knee-amputated cadaver specimens.

Most legislation in Europe regarding the carrying of child passengers in cars prohibits them from travelling in the front seats, whether restrained or not. The UK Parliament decided that from 31 January 1983 the compulsory restraint use legislation should permit children in the front seat of cars if restrained. This paper reviews both accident experience from overseas and impact tests with child dummies restrained by adult seat belts and child restraints. Both sets of information provided background to the parliamentary decision. The effect that the legislation has had on restraint usage by children is also described and a comparison is made between interim accident data available since the introduction of the legislation and those from previous years.