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Various hybrid drive configurations are described and their advantages and disadvantages for application in passenger cars are discussed; specifically, these are the series hybrid, the parallel hybrid, hybrid drives with added torque and speed, single and two-shaft hybrids. The Volkswagen and AUDI group has developed different vehicles with hybrid drive for various applications. These vehicles are described and test results are presented on their energy consumption, emissions and driving performance. In conclusion, some considerations are pursued concerning their chances on the market in different scenarios.

The interdependence between gross vehicle weight, curb weight, payload and drive weight is established in general for electric vehicles. Based upon the FAKRA Driving cycle, the range is expressed as a function of gross vehicle weight for electric vehicles equipped with different types of storage devices. The cost for operating these vehicles is calculated and compared.